A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (170 page)

45. Finke and Stark,
Churching of America
, 65.

46. Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 152.

47. Ibid., 153.

48. Michael Bellesiles, “The Origins of Gun Culture in the United States, 1760–1865,”
Journal of American History
, September 1996, and his
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
(New York: Knopf, 2000).

49. Clayton E. Cramer, “Gun Scarcity in the Early Republic?” unpublished paper available at www. ggnra.org/cramer, and his
Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999). Also see John Shy,
A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence
(New York: Oxford, 1976).

50. Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 150–55.

51. Jim R. McClellan,
Changing Interpretations of America’s Past: The Pre-Colonial Period Through the Civil War
, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Guilford, CT: Dushkin-McGraw-Hill, 2000), 135.

52. John P. Galvin,
The Minutemen: The First Fight: Myths and Realities of the American Revolution
(Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1989).

53. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Minuteman,” in Mayo W. Hazeltine, ed.,
Masterpieces of Eloquence: Famous Orations of Great World Leaders from Early Greece to the Present Times
(New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1905), 6001–2.

54. Benjamin Franklin to David Hartley, May 8, 1775, in William B. Willcox, ed.,
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
, vol. 22 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 34.

55. Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 155.

56. George Bancroft,
History of the United States,
vol. 4 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1855), 12.

57. Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington: A Biography
, 7 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1948–1957), 3:454.

58. Freeman,
George Washington,
3:453; George Washington to Joseph Reed, November 28, 1775, in
The Writings of George Washington
, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, from the Original Manuscript Sources…, Prepared Under the Direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, 39 vols., (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931–1944), IV: 124.

59. Charles Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press and Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1979), 29.

60. Quoted in Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War
, 29.

61. Franklin to Charles Lee, February 11, 1776,
Papers of Benjamin Franklin
, vol. 22, 343.

62. Chitwood,
History of Colonial America
, 546.

63. Victor Davis Hamson,
Courage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power
(New York: Anchor / Doubleday, 2002).

64. Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War
, 281.

65. George Washington to the President of Congress, December 27, 1776, in Fitzpatrick,
Writings of George Washington
, vol. 6, 444.

66. George Washington to John Cadwalader, December 27, 1776, in Fitzpatrick,
Writings of George Washington
, 6:446.

67. Thomas Paine,
Common Sense and the Crisis
(Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1973), 69.

68. Constantine G. Guzman, “Old Dominion, New Republic: Making Virginia Republican, 1776–1840,” Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1999.

69. Page Smith,
John Adams, 1735–1784
, vol. 1 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), 270.

70. Larry Schweikart, ed.,
Readings in Western Civilization
, 2nd ed. (Boston: Pearson Custom, 2000), 9–14.

71. Pauline Meier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York: Knopf, 1997), 134.

72. Scot A. French and Edward L. Ayers, “The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson: Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943–1993,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 418–56.

73. George Washington to the president of the Congress, December 23, 1777,
Writings of George Washington
, 10:194–95.

74. Chitwood,
History of Colonial America
, 572.

75. Russell Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military History and Policy
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1973).

76. Franklin and Mary Wickwire,
Cornwallis: The American Adventure
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 386.

77. Wright,
The Search for Liberty
, 482.

78. Richard Morris,
The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence
(New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

79. James T. Hutson,
John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1980); Jonathan Dull,
A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
The Treaty of Paris
(1783) in
A Changing States System
(Maryland Universities Press of America for the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1985); and Samuel Flagg Bemis,
The Diplomacy of the American Revolution
(Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1957).

80. Sylvia R. Frey,
Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves and the Making of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).

 

Chapter 4. A Nation of Law, 1776–89

1. Gary Wills,
Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978).

2. Adams quoted in Winthrop Jordan and Leon Litwack,
The United States
, combined ed., 7th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), 131.

3. Joseph J. Ellis,
Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation
(New York: Vintage, 2002), 130.

4. Ibid., 121.

5. Gordon S. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
,
1776–1787
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1972) and Forrest McDonald,
E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic, 1776–1790
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).

6. Ellis,
Founding Brothers
, 8.

7. Bernard Bailyn, et al.,
The Great Republic
(Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1985), 132.

8. Ibid.

9. Paul Johnson,
A History of the American People
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 179.

10. Ibid.

11. Jackson Turner Main,
The Anti-Federalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781–1788
(New York: Norton, 1961), 9.

12. Merrill Jensen,
The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959); and
The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789
(New York: Knopf, 1950).

13. Jensen,
New Nation
, xiii.

14. Ibid., vii–xv.

15. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 125–255.

16. Johnson,
A History of the American People
, 117.

17. Ibid., 116; Paul Johnson, “God and the Americans,”
Commentary
, January 1995, 25–45.

18. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1935), 319.

19. Ibid., 316.

20. Edward L. Queen II, Stephen R. Prothero, and Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr.,
The Encyclopedia of American Religious History
(New York: Facts on File and Proseworks, 1996), 682–86.

21. Thomas Buckley, “After Disestablishment: Thomas Jefferson’s Wall of Separation in Antebellum Virginia,”
Journal of Southern History
61 (1995), 445–800, quotation on 479–80.

22. Michael Allen,
Western Rivermen, 1763–1861: Ohio and Mississippi Boatmen and the Myth of the Alligator Horse
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 58–87.

23. Reuben Gold Thwaites,
Daniel Boone
(New York: D. Appleton, 1902).

24. George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 116, 105–21.

25. Reginald Horsman,
The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), 32–36.

26. Ibid., 37, 84–87, 102–3; Francis S. Philbrick,
The Rise of the West, 1763–1830
(New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 104–33.

27. Michael Allen,
Congress and the West, 1783–1787
(New York: Edwin Miller Press), chap. 2; Hernando DeSoto,
The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

28. Richard B. Morris,
The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789
(New York, 1987), 228.

29. For land and Indian policy, see see Michael Allen, “The Federalists and the West, 1783–1803,”
Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
, 61, October 1978, 315–32 and “Justice for the Indians: The Federalist Quest, 1786–1792,”
Essex Institute Historical Collections
, 122, April 1986, 124–41.

30. Jacob Piatt Dunn, “Slavery Petitions and Papers,”
Indiana State Historical Society Publications
, 2, 1894, 443–529.

31. Peter S. Onuf, “From Constitution to Higher Law: The Reinterpretation of the Northwest Ordinance,”
Ohio History
, 94, Winter/Spring 1985, 5–33.

32. Paul Finkleman, “States’ Rights North and South in Antebellum America,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely Jr.,
An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 125–58.

33. Herbert James Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), 1–3.

34. Gilman M. Ostrander,
Republic of Letters: The American Intellectual Community, 1775–1865
(Madison, WI: Madison House, 1999).

35. Main,
Anti-Federalists
, viii–ix; Edmund S. Morgan,
Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1988).

36. Jensen,
New Nation
, 125–28.

37. Hamilton quoted in Winston S. Churchill,
The Great Republic: A History of America
(New York: Random House, 1999), 97.

38. Edwin J. Perkins,
American Public Finance and Financial Services, 1700–1815
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994); E. James Ferguson,
The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776–1790
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961); Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957).