A Patriot's History of the Modern World (84 page)

67.
Ibid., 111–17.

68.
Peter Padfield,
Himmler: Reichsführer SS
(New York: Macmillan, 1990), 270; J. Von Lang and C. Sybill, eds.,
Eichmann Interrogated
(London: Bodley Head, 1982), 9203.

69.
“Protocols of the Wannsee Conference,” http://www.ghwk.de/engl/protengl.htm.

70.
Browning,
Origins of the Final Solution
, 177.

71.
Ibid., 369. Jurgen Matthaus, who contributed to Browning's book and wrote one of the critical chapters on the timing of the final solution, places the extermination decision by Hitler in “mid-July, during the first peak of victory euphoria,” and writes that Hitler “led Himmler and Heydrich to believe he expected proposals concerning the fate of the rest of European Jewry that went beyond the expulsion plans of the previous years” (370).

72.
Roseman,
Wannsee Conference
, 110. For example, Eichmann referred to “business with the engine” at his Jerusalem trial, and did not distinguish between killing via an internal combustion engine or a cyanide technique.

73.
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 414.

74.
Nuremberg Document NG-5291, cited in Saul Friedländer,
Pius XII and the Third Reich
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), 104.

75.
Ibid., 104–10.

76.
Ibid., 90.

77.
Theo J. Schulte, “The German Soldier in Occupied Russia,” in Addison and Calder,
Time to Kill
, 277. Daniel J. Goldhagen (
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
[New York: Vintage, 1997]) argues that everyday Germans were hip-deep in blood, and that an “eliminationist” anti-Semitism constituted a central part of ordinary Germans' existence. Yehuda Bauer (
Rethinking the Holocaust
[New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000]) agrees. See the differing views in Ron Rosenbaum,
Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1999); Christopher R. Browning,
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), and his
The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Lucy Dawidowicz,
The War Against the Jews
(New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, 1975); and Geoffrey P. Megargee,
War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front 1941
(New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).

78.
Ian Kershaw, “German Popular Opinion and the ‘Jewish Question,' 1939–1943: Some Further Reflections,” in Wolfgang Benz,
Die Juden in Deutschland: Leben unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft
(Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1986), 277, 281, 288. Among those who agree with Kershaw—and thus depart from Goldhagen—are Sarah Gordon,
Hitler, Germans, and the “Jewish Question”
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984); Saul Friedlander, “Ideology and Extermination: the Immediate Origins of the Final Solution,” in Ronald Smelser, ed.,
Lessons and Legacies V: The Holocaust and Justice
(Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002), 31–48; Friedlander's
The Years of Persecution, Vol. 1, Nazi
Germany and the Jews
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997); David Bankier,
The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion Under Nazism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); and Otto Dov Kulka, “ ‘Public Opinion' in Nazi Germany and the ‘Jewish Question,' ”
Jerusalem Quarterly
, 25, Fall 1982, 121–44 and 26, Winter 1982, 34–45.

79.
Kershaw, “German Popular Opinion.”

80.
Samuel A. Stouffer et al.,
The American Soldier
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949), 11:32–35.

81.
Michael D. Doubler,
Closing with the Enemy: How the GIs Fought the War in Europe, 1944–1945
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1994), 258.

82.
Ibid.

83.
Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn
, 463, referencing a memo, “Comparison of Executions During WW I and WW II,” U.S. Army JAG Undersecretary of War, April 22, 1946.

84.
Frank Furlong Mathias,
G. I. Jive: An Army Bandsman in World War II
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1983); interviews with the author, various dates, 1985–90.

85.
Harry Gailey,
MacArthur Strikes Back: Decision at Buna: New Guinea 1942–1943
(Novato, CA: The Presidio Press, 2000).

86.
Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 67–68.

87.
Francis Trevelyan Miller,
General Douglas MacArthur: Soldier-Statesman
, rev. ed. (Philadelphia: International Press, 1951), 27. Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).

88.
William Manchester,
American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964
(Boston: Back Bay Books, 2008).

89.
E. B. Potter,
Nimitz
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976), 10.

90.
John Prados,
Combined Fleet Decoded
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995), 317.

91.
Michael Smith,
The Emperor's Codes
(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2007), 143–44; Prados,
Combined Fleet
, 410–11.

92.
David M. Glantz with Jonathan M. House,
To the Gates of Stalingrad
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 261–65.

93.
David M Glantz,
Zhukov's Greatest Defeat
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 304–8.

94.
Boog,
Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg
, 6:1003–4.

95.
Erich von Manstein,
Verlorene Siege
(Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1958), 334.

96.
Andrei Grechko,
Battle for the Caucasus
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 93–194.

97.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower
(New York: Doubleday & Company, 1969), 158.

98.
Ibid., 159.

99.
Nikolai Tolstoy,
Stalin's Secret War
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1982), 57.

100.
Winston Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate
(Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 571–81

101.
Douglas E. Nash,
Hell's Gate
, 2nd ed. (Stamford, CT: RZM Publishing, 2005), 298, 403.

102.
“Faith Staked Down,”
Time
, February 9, 1952.

103.
Stephen Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, vol. 1 (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1987), 93.

104.
Ibid., 133.

105.
Merle Miller,
Ike the Soldier
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1987), 333–34.

106.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 1:134.

107.
Ibid., 1:141.

108.
Ibid., 1:151.

109.
Carlo D'Este,
Patton: A Genius for War
(New York: Harper 1996). General Donald Bennett, a patient at one of the field hospitals, recalled cheering after Patton slapped one of the soldiers. Bennett, who had suffered from pneumonia and had been moved, could not recall which of the two incidents he had witnessed.

110.
Arthur Bryant,
The Turn of the Tide
(New York: Doubleday & Company, 1957), 540–42.

111.
John Keegan,
Six Armies in Normandy
(New York: Viking Press, 1982), 49.

112.
Bernard Law, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein,
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G.
(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1958), 24.

113.
“NARA Staff Favorites: Online Records,” http://blogs.archives.gov/online-public-access/?p=150.

114.
Keegan,
Six Armies
, 315–16.

115.
Alex Buchner,
Ostfront 1944: The German Defensive Battles on the Russian Front 1944
(Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military, 1995), 298–99.

116.
Keegan,
Six Armies
, 66.

117.
Winston Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
(Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), 227–28.

118.
John S. D. Eisenhower,
The Bitter Woods
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969), 381–82.

119.
David Dougherty interview with Fertig, 1961; John Keats,
They Fought Alone
(New York: Time Life Education, 1990), 441–42.

120.
Ibid, 384–85.

121.
James Bradley,
Flags of Our Fathers
(New York: Bantam, 2006), 207.

122.
Victor Davis Hanson,
Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine
How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think
(New York: Anchor, 2004), 22.

123.
Ibid., 30.

124.
Sadao Asada, “The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan's Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 67, 1998, 101–48: Richard B. Frank,
Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
(New York: Random House, 1999); and Robert James Maddox,
Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995). See also J. Samuel Walker,
Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), at 131–36, as well as Walker's latest contribution, “Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground,”
Diplomatic History
, 29, April 2005, 311–34. Lawrence Freedman and Saki Dockrill, “Hiroshima: A Strategy of Shock,” in Saki Dockrill, ed.,
From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: The Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994); Herbert P. Bix,
Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
(New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000); Tsuyoshi Hasegawa,
Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005). Barton Bernstein insisted that the bombs were unnecessary in his “The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered,”
Foreign Affairs
, January–February 1995, 135–52, but evidence from inside the Japanese government reveals that the war leadership had no intention of surrendering prior to the bombs.

125.
Johnson,
Modern Times
, 426.

126.
Ibid.

127.
“Speech by Emperor Hirohito,” August 14, 1945, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/hirohito.htm.

128.
Rick Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn
(New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002), 463, referencing an April 22, 1946, memo from the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General to the Undersecretary of War.

129.
James Bradley,
Flyboys
(New York: Little, Brown, 2003), 198.

130.
Ibid., 173–75.

131.
Godfrey Hodgson,
The Myth of American Exceptionalism
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009); Donald E. Pease,
The New American Exceptionalism
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); Deborah L. Madsen,
American Exceptionalism
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998); Andrew Bacevich,
The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism
(New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2009); Seymour M. Lipset,
American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword
(New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997); and Michael Ignatieff,
American Exceptionalism and Human Rights
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

Abdul Hamid II, 221

Abel, Jean-Baptiste, 203

Abortion, 186, 191, 192

Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 285

Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 168, 273–75

Addams, Jane, 112, 117, 118, 180

Adler, Alfred, 62

Adler, Victor, 188

Advertising industry, 230–32

African Americans

army regiments of, 107–8

See also
Racism

African colonies

Boer War, 2, 39, 40, 79, 85, 89, 161, 206, 328

decolonization policy in, 197, 202, 203, 204

economic growth of, 205–6

local administration in, 212

wars in, 37, 40

African National Congress (ANC), 202

African nationalism, 37, 202

Agricultural collectivization, in Soviet Union, 149, 150, 242–43, 244

Agriculture

contraction, and bank failures, 246–47

New Deal policies, 253

political influence of, 245

subsidies, 245–46

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 30, 31, 32

Air power

in Battle of Britain, 327

British, 269, 315, 341, 357–59

and long-range bomber, 174

Nazi Germany, 258, 267, 291, 313–14, 327, 383

in Pacific War, 392–93

Soviet, 341

U.S., 315, 358–59, 381–84

in Western Front, 359–60, 381–84

in World War I, 129, 131, 135

See also
Aviation

Aizawa, Sabura, 302

Albania, 165, 275, 335

Alcalá-Zamora, Niceto, 278, 280

Alexander, Harold, 378, 409

Alexander III, Czar, 141

Alexandra, Czarina, 140

Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 278, 279

Algeria, 196, 203, 219

Allenby, Edmund, 200

Alsace-Lorraine, 161, 265

Altmark
, 317

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 254

American Bankers Association, 248