A History of the Roman World (60 page)
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Authors: H. H. Scullard
R. S. Conway,
Ancient Italy
(Cambridge, 1933).
G. Dumezil,
Archaic Roman Religion
(1970).
W. Warde Fowler,
The Religious Experience of the Roman People
(London, 1911).
W. Warde Fowler,
The Roman Festivals
(London, 1899).
A. Grenier,
Les religions étrusque et romaine
(Paris, 1948).
W. R. Halliday,
History of Roman Religion
(Liverpool, 1922).
K. Latte,
Römische Religionsgeschichte
(Munich, 1960).
R. M. Ogilvie,
The Romans and their Gods
(London, 1969).
H. J. Rose,
Primitive Culture in Italy
(London, 1926).
H. J. Rose,
Ancient Roman Religion
(London, 1949).
G. De Sanctis,
Storia dei Romani
, IV, 2, i (Florence, 1953).
G. Wissowa,
Religion und Kultus der Römer
, edn 2, (Munich, 1912).
M. Cary,
The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History
(Oxford, 1949).
A. van der Heyden and H. H. Scullard,
Atlas of the Classical World
(Edinburgh, 1959).
G. Schmied t,
Atlante aerofotografica delle sedi umané in Italia
, vol. ii (Florence, 1970). This is a magnificent series of aerial photographs of ancient sites in Sicily and Italy.
See further Addenda on p. 529.
BBREVIATIONS
| L’Ant. Class. | L’Antiquité classique |
| AJPhil. | American Journal of Philology |
| Arch. Anzeiger | Archäologischer Anzeiger |
| Arch. Reports | Archaeological Reports , published by the Hellenic Society |
| Aufstieg NRW | Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt , ed. H. Temporini (1972–) |
| Beloch, Röm Gesch. | K. J. Beloch, Römische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der punischen Kriege (1926) |
| Broughton, MRR | T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1951–60) |
| Brunt, Manpower | P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (1971) |
| CAH | Cambridge Ancient History |
| CIL | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863–) |
| Cl. Ph. | Classical Philology |
| Cl. Qu. | Classical Quarterly |
| Cl. Rev. | Classical Review |
| Crawford, RRC | M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (1975) |
| Degrassi, IILRP | A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae (1957–63) |
| De Martino, St. d. cos. rom. | F. De Martino, Storia della costitizione romana , edn 2 (1972) |
| De Sanctis, SR | G. De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani (1907–66) |
| Dittenberger, Sylloge | W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum edn 3 (1915–24) |
| Entretiens Harat | Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique (Fondation Hardt, Geneva, 1954–). |
| Frank, Econ. Survey | T. Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome(1933–40) |
| Heurgon, Rise R. | J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome (1971) |
| Jacoby, FGrH | F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923–) |
| JHS | Journal of Hellenic Studies |
| JRS | Journal of Roman Studies |
| Kromayer-Veith, Schlachtfelder | J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder (1903–31) |
| Kromayer-Veîth, Atlas | J. Kromayer and G. Veith Schlachten-Atlas zur antiken Kriegsgeschichte , Römische Abteilung (1922) |
| Latte, Röm. Relig. | K. Latte, Römische Religionsgeschichte (1960) |
| Lewis-Reinhold, Rn. Civ. | N. Lewis and M. Reinhold, Roman Civilisation (1951–5) |
| MEFR | Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’École française deRome |
| Momigliano, Secondo, Terzo, Quarto, Quinto, Contrib. | A. Momigliano, Secondo, Terzo, Quarto, Quinto Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (1966–) |
| Mommsen, Staatsr. | T. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht (1887–8) |
| Münzer, Röm. Adelsparteien | F. Münzer, Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien (1920) |
| Nash, Pict. Dict. Anc. Rome | E. Nash, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1961–2) |
| Num. Chron. | Numismatic Chronicle |
| Ogilvie, Livy | R. M. Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, Books i–v (1965) |
| Ogilvie, Early Rome | R. M. Ogilvie, Early Rome and the Etruscans (1976) |
| OGIS | W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (1903–5) |
| PBSR | Papers of the British School at Rome |
| Par. Pass. | La Parola del Passato |
| PW | Pauly Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der Klassischén Altertumswissenschaft (1893–) |
| Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. | Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society |
| RA | Revue archéologique |
| Riccobono, Fontes | S. Riccobono, Fontes Iuris Romani Ante-Justiniani , i (1941) |
| Riv. Fil. | Rivista di Filologia |
| Röm. Mitt. | Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung |
| Sherwin-White, Rom. Cit. | A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship edn 2 (1973) |
| St. Etr. | Studi Etruschi |
| TAPA | Transactions of the American Philological Association |
| Walbank, Polybius | F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius (1957–79) |
OTES
I THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLES
1
I
TALY
. In general see M. Cary,
The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History
(1947). In detail see H. Nissen,
Italische Landeskunde
, 2 vols (1883, 1902).
2
E
ARLY MAN
. In general, see A. M. Radmilli,
Piccola guida della preistoria Italiana
2
(1974), an excellent analytical account from Palaeolithic down to Villanovan times. Also a general survey by J. Whatmough,
The Foundations of Roman Italy
(1937). For more detail see
Popoli e civiltà dell’Italia antica
, 8 vols, ed. M. Pallottino
et al.
(1974). Two recent studies in English are L. Barfield,
Northern Italy before Rome
(1971) and D. H. Trump,
Central and Southern Italy before Rome
(1966). An older work is T. E. Peet,
The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy
(1909). G. Daniel and J. D. Evans (
CAH
, II, 2 (1971), ch. xxxvii) provide a survey of conditions in western Mediterranean countries, while J. Heurgon (
The Rise of Rome
(1973), ch. i) sets the Mediterranean scene for Rome’s emergence.
3
N
EOLITHIC ITALY
. See chs iii of the books by Barfield and Trump, and
Popoli
, I, ii, cited in previous note. For the Neolithic settlement in Apulia see J. Bradford and P. R. Williams-Hunt,
Antiquity
, 1946, 191 ff.; 1950, 84 ff; also R. Whitehouse,
Proc. Prehist. Soc.
, xl, 1974, 203 ff.
4
C
OPPER AND BRONZE AGES
. See R. Peroni,
L’antica età del bronzo
(1971), and the books cited above, with detailed bibliographies: Barfield, Trump and
Popoli
, I, ii.
5
B
ELL BEAKERS IN ITALY
. See D. Ridgway,
Antiquity
, 1972, 52.
6
A
PENNINE CULTURE
. See Trump, op. cit., 107 ff. and S. M. Puglisi,
La civiltà apenninica
(1959). On transhumance as an economic stimulus in promoting the interchange of goods in
early
Italy (which declined with the later growth of the road system) see J. E. Skydsgaard,
Analecta Romana Instituti Daniel
, vii, 1974, 7 ff. On the comparative rarity of bronze in the Apennine culture see G. Barker, ‘The first metallury in Italy’,
Bollettino di Palentologia Italiana
, vol. 80, 1971, 183 ff. Excavation of an Apennine settlement (
c.
1600–800
BC
) at Luni, 50 miles north of Rome, which included the discovery of five Mycenaean sherds, has thrown much light on the development of this culture: see C. E. Östenberg,
Luni sul Mignone
(1967).
7
M
YCENAEANS IN THE WEST
. See Lord William Taylour,
Mycenaean Pottery in Italy
(1958). Metapontum: Strabo, 264; G. Pugliese Carratelli,
Par. Pass.
, 1958, 205 ff.,
Atti del I congr.
di studi sulla Magna Grecia
(Naples, 1962), 137 ff. On Luni see Östenberg, op. cit., n. 6 above. Cf. also note 18 below.
8
A
USONIAN CULTURE
. LIPARI. See Diodorus, v, 7. L. Bernabò Brea,
Sicily before the Greeks
, edn 2 (1966). D. H. Trump,
Central and Southern Italy before Rome
(1966), 133 f., 142 f., unlike Brea, would associate Diodorus’ Ausonians with the later period.
9
V
ILLANOVAN CULTURE
. See n. 2 above and D. Randall-Maclver,
Villanovans and Early Etruscans
(1924),
The Iron Age in Italy
(1927);
Civiltà del Ferro
(Bologna, 1960); L. Barfield,
Northern Italy
(1971). M. Pallottino (e.g.
The Etruscans
(1975), 37 ff.) objects to the use of such phrases as ‘Terramara folk’ or ‘Villanovans’, whom he considers to be archaeological inventions or modern myths, since these terms really represent cultural areas and not ethnic units. However, if they are understood as groups of people sharing a similar culture (and after all culture cannot exist unless embodied in a ‘folk’) and not as monolithic ethnic blocks, then perhaps no great harm comes from using such convenient modern labels.
10
U
RNFIELDS
. See H. Müller-Karpe,
Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderzeit, nordlich und sudlich der Alpen
(1959).
11
E
ARLY VEII
. See J. B. Ward-Perkins,
PBSR
, 1961.
12
S
ALERNO DISTRICT
. See P. Sestieri,
St. Etr.
, 1960, 73 ff., E. Lepore,
Par. Pass.
, 1964, 144 ff., B. D. Agostino,
St. Etr.
, 1965, 671 ff., M. Napoli, id., 661 ff., J. de la Genière,
Recherches… Sala Cosilina
(Naples, 1968),
MEFR
, 1970, 571 ff. G. B. Modesti (ed.),
Seconda Mostra della preistoria e della protostoria nel Saliternita
(Salerno, 1974) describes recent finds.
13
S
ITULAE
. See O. H. Frey,
Die Entstehung der Situlenkunst
(1969).
14
T
HE ITALIC LANGUAGES
. For a general survey of the problems see E. Pulgram,
The Tongues of Italy
(1958), L. R. Palmer,
The Latin Language
(1954), G. Devoto,
Gli antichi Italici
, edn 3 (1968). For the material see R. S. Conway,
The Italic Dialects
(1897), E. Vetter,
Handbuch der italischen Dialekte
(1953), A. Ernout,
Le dialect ombrien
(1961), J. W. Poultney,
The Iguvine Tablets
(1959). On Indo-European in general see R. A. Crossland,
CAH
, I, ii (1971), ch. xxvii, G. Devoto,
Origini indeuropee
(1961).
15
O
SCAN AND UMBRIAN
. It may be of interest to quote examples. From an Oscan inscription on a boundary stone between Nola and Abella in Campania, regarding a temple of Hercules: ‘
avt pust feihuis pus fisnam amfret, eisei terei nep abellanus nep nuvlanus pidum tribarakattins
’ = ‘
post muros autem qui fanum circumeunt, in illa terra neve Abellani neve Nolani quidquam aedificaverint
’ = ‘but regarding the walls that surround the temple, on that ground no man from Abella or Nola is to build anything.’ Umbrian is represented by the inscription from Iguvium (Gubbio) containing the liturgy of a sacred brotherhood: thus, e.g. ‘
vitlu vufru pune heries facu, eruhu ticlu seste, urfeta manuve habetu. estu iuku habetu: iupater sace, tefe estu vitlu vufru sestu
’ = ‘
vitulum votivum cum voles facere, illa dedicatione sistito Iovi patri. Cum sistis, orbitam in manu habeto
.
Istum sermonem habeto:
“
Iuppiter sancte, tibi istum vitulum votivum sisto
”’ = ‘when you wish to sacrifice a calf as a votive offering, let it be consecrated in that dedication to father Jupiter. When you consecrate it, hold a round cake in your hand. Use these words: “Holy Jupiter, to you I consecrate this calf as a votive offering”.’