A History of the Crusades (64 page)

      and Knights Hospitallers
301
–2,
336

Acre: capture (1101)
112
,
168

      capture (1191-2)
132
,
147
,
231

      capture (1286)
137

      and crusader art and architecture
148
,
149
–53,
154
,
164
–5

      defeat (1291)
4
,
127
,
129
,
137
,
153
,
241
–2,
259
,
261
,
291

      development
116
,
118
,
132
–3,
148
,
164

      Fatimid control
217

      and Teutonic Knights
178
,
185

action, and moral worth
27
–8,
33

Adam, Philipe Villiers de l’Isle
347

Adhémar of Monteil, bishop of Le Puy
1
–2,
35

Al-Adil, Sayf al-Din, sultan
236

Adramyttion (Edremit), Gulf of
269

Adrian VI, pope, and military orders
345

Al-Afdal, vizier
218

Aigues Mortes, and supply for crusades
53
,
63

Aimery of Lusignan (1194–1205)
126
,
173

‘Ain Karim, church of St John
157

Airasca, Ferlino d’
335

Alamut, Assassin stronghold
215
,
239

Alarcos, battle (1195)
187
,
196
,
244

Albania: Ottoman conquest
277

      and Venice
308

Albert of Austria
273

Albert of Livonia
180

Albigensian Crusade (1209–29)
109

      effects
65

      financing
58

      and St Mary of Oignies
10
–11

      in songs
91
,
93
,
108
–9

Albornoz, Gil
268

Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach
344

Albrecht von Johansdorf
100

Alcántara order
179
,
202
,
326
–8,
345
–6,
360

Aleppo: Mamluk attack
136

      Mongol attack
239

      and Saladin
229
,
234

      Seljuk control
122
,
214
,
216
,
225
–7

Alexander III, pope: and crusade bulls
43

      and military orders
191

Alexander VI, pope, and Livonian crusade
276
–7

Alexandria, capture (1365)
247
–8,
270
–1,
274
,
295
,
335

Alexis Kallergis
309

Alexius, I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1048–1118), and First Crusade
2
,
36
,
61
,
218

Alfonso II of Aragon
179
,
185

Alfonso V of Aragon
326

Alfonso VI of León-Castile
18
,
243

Alfonso VIII of Castile, and reconquest of Spain
244
–5

Alfonso X of Castile
179

Alfonso XI of Castile (1325–50), and
Reconquista
267
,
276
,
327

Algeciras: Castilian capture (1344)
267
,
327

      Muslim capture
246

Algiers, conquest
255
,
360

Alice of Cyprus
135

Alice of Jerusalem
120
–1

Allenby, Edmund
382
,
384

Almaric of Franclieu (fl. 1171–9)
166
–7

Almohads, and Spain
186
,
244
–5

Almoravids: in North Africa
243
–4

      in Spain
243
–4,
245

Alp Arslan, and Mamluks
240

Alphonse of Poitiers: and costs of crusading
53
,
55

      as division al commander
64

Amadeus VI of Savoy, and Gallipoli
251
,
270

Amalric of Jerusalem (1163–74)
119
,
122
,
134
,
142

      and Byzantium
123
–4,
144
,
158

      and coinage
144

      and crusader art
144
–7,
158

      and military orders
190

      and Muslims
234

Amalric of Nesle
143

Amalric of Tyre
293
,
312

Amorosa, Daimberto de
350

Ampringen, Johann Kaspar
359

Amundsen, Roald Engelbrecht Gravning
370

Anatolia: and Mongols
238
–9

      and Ottoman Turks
250
,
251
–2,
256
,
284
,
294
,
324
,
334
,
335

Anavarza: castle
169

      chape l
170

Andravidha, Achaean court
131

Andrew II of Hungary
149
,
180

Andronicus IV Palaeologus
310

Angevins: and Aragon
313
–14

      in Naples
229
–302,
303

      and papacy
268

      and Sicily
39
–40,
293
,
299
,
303

see also
Henry II of England; Richard I of England

Anglo-French war
259
,
266
,
267
,
274
,
284
,
314

Ankara, battle (1402)
253
,
277
,
298
,
302

Antalya, Cypriot capture
295

Antequera, Fernando de
328

anti-semitism
35
–6,
66
,
115

Antioch, principality: and Bohemond of Taranto
36
,
123

      and Byzantium
123

      defeat
239

      Frankish settlement
111
,
115

      and kingdom of Jerusalem
120
–1,
125

      and manuscript painting
148

      and military orders
184
–5

      patriarchal cathedral
159

      political development
120
–1,
135

      Seljuk control
112
–13,
216
,
218
,
225

      siege (1097-8)
37
,
370

Apamea, Pontifical
150

Aqsa Mosque
156
,
227

      and Knights Templar
176

Aqua Bella, courtyard buildings
165
–6

Aquinas, St Thomas, and indulgence
82

Arabic, Frankish knowledge of
233
–4

Arabs: Christian
224

      in Seljuk empire
216
–17

Aragon: and Angevins
293
,
313
–14

      and Castile
246
,
267
,
284
,
326
–7

      and France
313

      and Granada
282
,
284
–5

      and Latin Greece
300
,
303

      and military orders
179
,
185
,
188
,
192
,
207
,
326
,
345
,
354

      and papacy
3
,
267

architecture: cathedrals
158
–61

      Cilician Armenia
168
–71

      crusader
142
–4,
149
,
154
,
155
–75

      Cyprus
171
–5,
294
–5

      defensive
165
–8,
169
–70,
173
–5

      
domestic
164
,
165
,
169
–70

      hybridization
318

      and military orders
163
,
167
–8,
173
–4

      parish churches
161

      and religious orders
162

      secular
163
–8

Armenia, Cilician: architecture
168
–71

      Frankish conquest
113
,
168

      and Latin East
114
–15,
292
,
293
–4,
305
,
312
,
335

      and Mamluk sultanate
168
,
239
,
247

      and military orders
168
,
183

Armenians: in Cyprus
295

      in Egypt
215

      in Jerusalem
158

armour, Muslim
230

army: command structures
61
,
62

      coordination
59
–60

      discipline
64

      footsoldiers
25
,
49

      Mamluk
240
–2,
247

      and non-combatants
25
,
47
–8,
260

      Ottoman
251
–2,
256

      payment
63
–4

      of Saladin
229
–30,
235
,
240

      support services
25
,
49

      Teutonic Knights
333
;
see also
cavalry; supply

Arsenal Bible
150
–1

Arsuf: defeat by Baybars
239

      Frankish capture (1101)
112

art, crusader
138
–54,
318

      and lingua franca
152
,
154

      secular
148
,
153

Aruj Barbarossa
255

Ascalon: defensive architecture
167

      Fatimid control
217

      siege(1153)
112
,
143
–4,
168
,
227

Al-Ashraf Barsbay, sultan (1422–37)
248

Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan
241
–2

Al-Ashraf Shaban
248

Asia, and Genoese trade
305

Assassins: defeat
239

      Isma ‘ili
214
–15,
216
,
224
,
226
,
239

Assises de Jérusalem
6

Astley, Philip
377
–8

atabak
215
–16

Athens, Latin duchy
291
,
308
,
311

      and Catalan Company
300
,
301
,
303
–4,
313
,
316
–17,
322

Atsisz, Turkish general
217

Aubusson, Pierre d’
337

Audita tremendi
83
–4

Auger of St Pierre de La Réole
75

Augsburg, Peace (1555)
287

Augustine of Hippo, St, and violence
18

Augustinians, in Latin East
139
,
160
,
162
,
173

Austria, and Holy League
309

Autun, Council (1095)
2

Avignon, and papacy
267
,
268
,
325
,
336

Avis order
179
,
185
,
202
,
329
,
345

Ayas, and trade
127
,
312
,
321

Aydin, beylicate
250
,
251
,
335

Ayn Jalut, battle (1260)
136
,
239

Ayyubid empire: and Egypt
38
,
134
,
136
,
228
,
236
–7

      and Mamluk sultanate
236
–7,
238
–9,
240

      and poetry
232
–3;
see also
Saladin

Bacon, Roger
205

Badr al-Din Baktut al-Rammah
241

Baghras, castle
135
,
169

Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad
237

Baha al-Din Zuhayr
233
,
237

Bahr al-Fava’id
222
–3,
226
,
233

Bahris
238

Bait BItab, hall-house
165

Bait Jibrin, castle
163
,
167
,
184

Baldwin of Alna
190

Baldwin of Boulogne
36
,
368

Baldwin of Ford, and preaching of crusades
45

Baldwin I (1172–1205): as king of Jerusalem
113

      as Latin emperor
129

Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d. 1131)
120
,
142

Baldwin III of Jerusalem (1129–62)
122
,
123

      coinage
143

      
andcrusader art
144
,
158

      and Melisande
120
,
142
,
143

Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (d. 1185)
119
,
124
,
133
,
147
,
234

Baldwin V of Jerusalem
124
,
147

Baldwin of Vern d’Anjou
73
–4

Balkans: and Teutonic Knights
343

      and Turkish advance
4
–5,
252
,
253
,
255
,
256
,
269
,
274
–5,
277
,
337