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1570–1

Holy (Crusade) League (renewed 1572)

Fall of Cyprus to Turks

1570

(9 Sept.) Nicosia falls to Turks

1571

(5 Aug.) Famagusta falls to Turks

(7 Oct.) Battle of Lepanto

1572

League fleet in eastern Mediterranean

Union of the Orders of St Lazarus and St Maurice

1573

(11 Oct.) Don John of Austria takes Tunis

1574

(Aug.–Sept.) Tunis recovered by Turks

1578

Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco

(4 Aug.) Battle of Alcazarquivir

1588

The Armada

1614

Malta raided by the Turks

1617

Foundation of the Ordre de la Milice Chrétienne

1645–69

Crete conquered by the Turks. Defended by a Crusade League

1664

Hospitallers attack Algiers

1669

(26 Sept.) Iraklion (Candia) surrenders to Turks

1683

(14 July–12 Sept.) Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna

1684–97

Holy (Crusade) League

1685–7

Venetians occupy the Peloponnese

1686

Christian forces take Buda

1699

Peace of Karlowitz

1707

Hospitallers help defend Oran

1715

Peloponnese reoccupied by Turks

1741–73

Manoel Pinto, grand master of the Hospitallers, adopts full attributes of sovereignty

1792

Hospitaller properties in France seized

1798

(13 June) Malta surrenders to Napoleon

Further Reading
 
Bibliographies
 

H. E. Mayer,
Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge
(Hanover, 1960).

—— J. McLellan and H. W. Hazard, ‘Select Bibliography of the Crusades’,
A History of the Crusades
(ed.-in-chief K. M. Setton) 6, ed. H. W. Hazard and N. P. Zacour (Madison, Wis., 1989), 511–664.

General
 

P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront,
La Chrétienté et l’Idée deCroisade
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1954–9, repr. 1995).

H. E. Mayer,
The Crusades
, 2nd edn., tr. J. Gillingham (Oxford, 1988).

D. C. Nicolle,
Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050–1350
, 2 vols. (White Plains, NY, 1988).

J. H. Pryor,
Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571
(Cambridge, 1988).

J. S. C. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: A Short History
(London and New Haven, Conn., 1987).

—— (ed.),
The Atlas of the Crusades
(London and New York, 1991).

S. Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1951–4).

K. M. Setton (ed.-in-chief),
A History of the Crusades
, 2nd edn., 6 vols. (Madison, Wis., 1969–89).

Crusading Thought and Spirituality
 

E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 21 (1970), 11–31.

J. A. Brundage,
Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader
(Madison, Wis., and London, 1969).

M. G. Bull,
Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony
,
c.970

c.1130
(Oxford, 1993).

P. J. Cole,
The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991).

E. Delaruelle,
L’Idée de croisade au moyen âge
(Turin, 1980).

C. Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
, tr. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton, NJ, 1977).

J. Gilchrist, ‘The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law, 1083–1141’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 37–45.

E.-D. Hehl,
Kirche und Krieg im 12. Jahrhundert: Studien zu kanonischem Recht und politischer Wirklichkeit
(Stuttgart, 1980).

N. J. Housley,
The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar
(Oxford, 1992).

B. Z. Kedar,
Crusade and Mission: European Approaches toward the Muslims
(Princeton, NJ, 1984).

J. S. C. Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading
(London and Philadelphia, 1986).

——
What were the Crusades?
, 2nd edn. (London, 1992).

F. H. Russell,
The Just War in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1975).

E. Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading, 1095–1274
(Oxford, 1985).

The Crusading Movement, 1095–1274
 

R. Chazan,
European Jewry and the First Crusade
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1987).

C. R. Cheney,
Pope Innocent III and England
(Stuttgart, 1976).

E. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525
(London, 1980).

P. J. Cole,
The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270
(as above).

G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries’,
Traditio
, 9 (1953), 213–79.

—— ‘Medieval Charters as a Source for the History of the
Crusades’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 73–89.

—— ‘The Financing of the Crusades in the Twelfth Century’,
Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer
, ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982), 64–88.

H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade’,
History
, 55 (1970), 177–88.

G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’,
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire
, 66 (1988), 249–67.

V. Epp,
Fulcher von Chartres: Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung des ersten Kreuzzuges
(Düsseldorf, 1990).

R. A. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain
c
.1050–1150’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 5th ser. 37 (1987), 31–47.

J. France,
Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade
(Cambridge, 1994).

M. Gervers (ed.),
The Second Crusade and the Cistercians
(New York, 1992).

J. B. Gillingham,
Richard the Lionheart
, 2nd edn. (London, 1989).

J. Goñi Gaztambide,
Historia de la Bula de la cruzada en España
(Vitoria, 1958).

N. J. Housley,
The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers,1254–1343
(Oxford, 1982).

P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and their Aftermath’,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
, 50 (1987), 32–60.

—— ‘The Crusade against the Mongols (1241)’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 42 (1991), 1–18.

W. C. Jordan,
Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership
(Princeton, NJ, 1979).

S. D. Lloyd,
English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307
(Oxford, 1988).

D. W. Lomax,
The Reconquest of Spain
(London and New York, 1978).

J. M. Powell,
Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221
(Philadelphia, 1986).

D. E. Queller,
The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople 1201–1204
(Philadelphia, 1977).

J. Richard,
Saint Louis: Crusader King of France
, ed. S. D. Lloyd, tr. J. Birrell (Cambridge, 1992).

J. S. C. Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading
(as above).

R. Rogers,
Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century
(Oxford, 1992).

M. Roquebert,
L’Épopée Cathare
, 3 vols. (Toulouse, 1970–86).

H. Roscher,
Papst Innocenz III. und die Kreuzzüge
(Göttingen, 1969).

C. J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades, 1095–1588
(Chicago and London, 1988).

The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700
 

A. S. Atiya,
The Crusade of Nicopolis
(London, 1934).

E. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades
(as above).

J. Goñi Gaztambide,
Historia de la Bula de la cruzada en España
(as above).

F. G. Heymann,
John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution
(Princeton, NJ, 1955).

N. J. Housley,
The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378
(Oxford, 1986).

——
The Italian Crusades
(as above).

——
The Later Crusades, 1274–1580
(as above).

M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’,
English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages
, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. Sherborne (London, 1983), 45–61.

D. W. Lomax,
The Reconquest of Spain
(as above).

W. E. Lunt,
Financial Relations of the Papacy with England
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1939–62).

W. Paravicini,
Die Preussenreisen des europäischen Adels
, 3 vols. so far (Sigmaringen, 1989– ).

S. Schein,
Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314
(Oxford, 1991).

R. C. Schwoebel,
The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453–1517)
(Nieuwkoop, 1967).

K. M. Setton,
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)
, 4 vols. (Philadelphia, 1976–84).

——
Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
(Philadelphia, 1991).

C. J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
(as above).

Crusade Songs and Literature
 

E. Asensio, ‘
!Ay Iherusalem!
Planto narrativo del siglo XIII’,
Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica
, 14 (1960), 247–70.

J. Bastin and E. Faral (eds.),
Onze poèmes de Rutebeuf concernant la croisade
(Paris, 1946).

J. Bédier and P. Aubry (eds.),
Chansons de croisade
(Paris, 1909).

M. Böhmer,
Untersuchungen zur Mittelhochdeutschen Kreuzzugslyrik
(Rome, 1968).

N. Daniel,
Heroes and Saracens: an Interpretation of the Chansons de geste
(Edinburgh, 1984).

P. Hölzle,
Die Kreuzzüge in der okzitanischen und deutschen Lyrik des 12. Jahrhunderts: das Gattungsproblem‘Kreuzlied’ im historischen Kontext
, 2 vols. (Göppingen, 1980).

C. von Kraus,
Des Minnesangs Frühling
(Leipzig, 1944).

K. Lewent,
Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied
(Erlangen, 1905: repr. Geneva, 1976).

U. Mölk,
Romanische Frauenlieder
(Munich, 1989).

M. del C. Pescador del Hoyo, ‘Tres nuevos poemas medievales’,
Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica
, 14 (1960), 242–7.

M. Richey,
Medieval German Lyrics
(Edinburgh and London, 1958).

M. de Riquer,
Los Trovadores: Historia literaria y Textos
, 3 vols. (Barcelona, 1983).

S. N. Rosenberg and H. Tischler,
Chanter m’estuet: Songs of the Trouvères
(London and Boston, 1981).

O. Sayce,
The Medieval German Lyric 1150–70: The Development of Themes and Forms in their European Context
(Oxford, 1982).

BOOK: A History of the Crusades
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