You Are Here (41 page)

13.
The studies of the effects of physical proximity on communication in the two research laboratories are described by R. E. Kraut, C. Egido, and J. Galegher, “Patterns of Contact and Communication in Scientific Research Collaboration,” in
Intellectual Teamwork
, edited by Galegher, Kraut, and Egido (L. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1990).

14.
Early classic studies of the effects of proximity are described in Thomas Allen’s paper “Communications Networks in R&D Laboratories,”
R&D Management
1, no. 1 (1970), 14-21.

15.
The case study of the redesign of the ThoughtForm offices is found in the paper by J. Peponis et al., “Designing Space to Support Knowledge Work,”
Environment and Behavior
39 (2007), 815-841.

1.
Nico Oved’s description of his photographic exposition of housing in
les banlieues
is described at his website,
www.nicooved.com
.

2.
Although Le Corbusier’s urban planning principles caused much damage both overseas and at home (largely because of his failure to understand the psychology of space), he is still widely respected as an artist and architect. A sympathetic and interesting book is W. Boesiger and H. Girsberger’s
Le Corbusier 1910-65
(Birkhäuser: Basel, 1999), which contains photographs of his works along with captions in three languages explaining his intentions.

3.
Jane Jacobs condemns Le Corbusier’s mathematics, and some other aspects of his urban-planning principles, in the introductory chapter of her opus
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
, revised edition (Vintage: New York, 1992).

4.
The quote from Oscar Newman comes from page 10 of his book
Creating Defensible Space
(Center for Urban Policy Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: Washington, DC, 1996).

5.
Christian Nold’s exploits can be found on his website,
www.biomapping.net
.

6.
The material on Fetter Lane is found in chapter 22, “A London Address,” of Peter Ackroyd’s
London: The Biography
(Vintage: New York, 2001). The quote is taken from page 2.

7.
The biographical details on Ivan Chtcheglov and Guy Debord are taken from Merlin Coverley’s book
Psychogeography
(Pocket Essentials: London, 2007). The quotes from Chtcheglov come from the
Situationist International Anthology
, edited by Ken Knabb (Bureau of Public Secrets: Berkeley, 1981), 1-2.

8.
Kevin Lynch,
The Image of the City
(MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1960).

9.
Biographical details of William Whyte, and a description of his novel methods applied to understanding public space, can be found in
The Essential William H. Whyte
, edited by Albert LaFarge (Fordham University Press: New York, 2000). The most interesting material from the standpoint of this chapter is the excerpt from Whyte’s book
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
(Conservation Foundation, 1980; reprinted by the Project for Public Spaces: New York, 2001).

10.
Raymond Curran’s
Architecture and the Urban Experience
(Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1983) was a lucky find for me that came about when his niece, a good friend of mine, heard about the subject of my book and thrust her uncle’s work into my hands.

11.
Jan Gehl,
Life between Buildings: Using Public Space
(Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1987).

12.
I mentioned Bill Hillier’s books (
The Social Logic of Space
and
Space Is the Machine)
in the previous chapter. These important works also support what I have said here.

13.
The map of my neighborhood was produced using the software webmap AtHome, written by N. S. C. Dalton of the University College London Virtual Reality Centre for the Built Environment.

14.
A useful paper describing the relationship between space syntax and spatial cognition is by Alan Penn, “Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition,”
Environment and Behavior
35 (2003), 30-65.

15.
An interesting set of studies showing the influence of the shape of pedestrian spaces on the perception of space and time can be found in the article by Raymond Isaacs entitled “The Subjective Duration of Time in the Experience of Urban Places,”
Journal of Urban Design
6, no. 2 (2001), 109-127.

16.
The idea that we learn new spaces by working outwards from a skeleton of well-integrated areas was first described by B. Kuipers, D. Tecuci, and B. Stankiewicz in the paper “The Skeleton in the Cognitive Map,”
Environment and Behavior
35, no. 1 (2003), 81-106.

17.
Hillier’s deformed wheel theory of the city form is found in his article “A Theory of the City as Object,” published in
Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium 2001
. The quote is found on page 2.27 of that article. The maps of London and Tokyo are taken from an article by Hillier and Laura Vaughan entitled “The City as One Thing,” published in
Progress in Planning
67, no. 3 (2007), 205-230, also available at
http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00003272/01/3272.pdf
.

18.
The interesting space syntax of the city of Nicosia is described by Bill Hillier and Laura Vaughan in the article “The City as One Thing,”
Progress in Planning
, 67, no. 3 (2007), 205-230.

19.
An excellent summary of the London congestion pricing experience, its effects, and implications for similar schemes in other cities has been published by Todd Litman of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute of Canada,
www.vtpi.org/london.pdf
. An analysis of London’s experience and its implications for the proposal of a similar scheme for Manhattan is reported by the New York Academy of Sciences in an e-briefing written by Christine Van Lenten entitled “Congestion Pricing for New York? Lessons from London” (May 10, 2007), available at
www.nyas.org/ebrief/miniEB.asp?eBriefID=644
.

20.
The controversy surrounding congestion pricing in Manhattan is described in the
New York Times
article by Diane Cardwell entitled “Faster, Maybe. Cheaper, No. But Driving Has Its Fans” (March 31, 2008).
The Partnership for New York City survey results are available at
www.pfnyc.org/pressReleases/2007/PFNYC%20Driver%20Survey%20Results.pdf
.

21.
Jane Jacobs describes her run-in with traffic engineers in her book
Dark Age Ahead
(Vintage: New York, 2005).

22.
I have relied heavily on Howard Kunstler’s brilliant and influential
The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America’s Man-Made Landscape
(Free Press: New York, 1994).

23.
A fascinating repository of facts and figures related to the worldwide problem of urban sprawl can be found in the book by Jeffrey Kenworthy and Felix Laube entitled
An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990
(University Press of Colorado: Boulder, CO, 1999).

24.
One of the most widely cited (and frightening) views of the coming changes related to peak oil is Howard Kunstler’s
The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century
(Grove Press: New York, 2006).

25.
The history of Portland’s experiences with Oregon’s groundbreaking 1973 restrictions on urban sprawl, as well as many other positive examples of smart growth approaches, can be found in the book by F. Kaid Benfield et al.,
Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth in Communities Across America
(Island Press: Washington, DC, 2001).

26.
The Ontario Places to Grow Act is described comprehensively on the Government of Ontario’s website. The bill itself can be found at
www.ontla.on.ca/bills/bills-files/38_Parliament/Session1/b136ra.pdf
.

1.
Interview with Philip Rosedale conducted by Michael Fitzgerald entitled “How I Did It,”
Inc. Magazine
, February 2007.

2.
Edward Hall’s groundbreaking studies on proxemics are described in his
The Hidden Dimension
(Anchor Books: New York, 1966).

3.
The study on proxemics in Second Life was published by Nick Yee et al. as “Unbearable Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments,”
CyberPsychology & Behavior
10, no. 1 (2007), 115-121.

4.
Joshua Meyrowitz,
No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior
(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986).

5.
The U.S. government website
www.gps.gov
contains much useful background information on the GPS signal and how it can be used. A clear textbook approach can be found in Ahmed El-Rabbany’s
Introduction to GPS:
The Global Positioning System
, 2nd edition (Artech: Norwood, MA, 2006).

6.
As I write these words, a news story has hit the airwaves describing how an American student who was jailed in Egypt was able to alert his network of friends by sending a one-word message—“arrested”—to Twitter using his cell phone. Like the efforts of Tibetan protesters to subvert attempts to censor the Internet, this story shows how cyberspace can change politics by collapsing real space and time. An insightful article describing this episode and some other real-world uses of Twitter was written by Murray Whyte in an article entitled “Tweet Tweet—There’s Been an Earthquake,”
Toronto Star
, June 1, 2008.

7.
A succinct summary of ubiquitous computing approaches can be found in Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown, “Designing Calm Technology,” at
www.ubiq.com/weiser/calmtech/calmtech.htm
.

8.
The Ambient Orb is described at
www.ambientdevices.com/cat/products.html
.

9.
Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown, “The Coming Age of Calm Technology,” in Peter J. Denning and Robert M. Metcalfe’s
Beyond Calculation: The Next 50 Years of Computing
(Springer: New York, 1998), p. 81.

10.
The website of Waterloo’s Research Laboratory for Immersive Virtual Environments is
http://virtualpsych.uwaterloo.ca
.

11.
The virtual wormhole study is described in B. Schnapp and W. Warren, “Wormholes in Virtual Reality: What Spatial Knowledge Is Learned for Navigation?” abstract,
Journal of Vision 7
, no. 9 (2007), 758, 758a;
http://journalofvision.org/7/9/758
.

12.
Some of Philip Beesley’s work is described in the beautiful book edited by Beesley et al. entitled
Responsive Architectures: Subtle Technologies
(Riverside Architectural Press: Riverside, CA, 2006).

13.
Blascovich personal communication, December 15, 2006.

14.
Many details and photos of Heilig’s Sensorama can be found at
www.mortonheilig.com
.

15.
One description of racist hate in digital Darfur is given in the Second Life-related blog New World Notes, in an entry from May 1, 2006, by Wagner James Au entitled “Guarding Darfur” (
http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/05/guarding_darfur.html
).

16.
Paul Virilio’s apocalyptic vision of the influence of technology and speed on life is given in his
Open Sky
, translated by Julie Rose (Verso: London, 1997). His opinions on the influence of telecommunication technologies on the conduct of warfare are found in
Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light
, translated by Michael Degener (Continuum: London, 2005).

1.
Bruce Chatwin tells the story of accelerated songlines in his book
The Songlines
(Penguin: New York, 1988).

2.
Jane Jacobs describes the origins of modern suburban living in the introductory chapter of her book
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
(Vintage: New York, 1992).

3.
Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees,
Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth
(New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, 2001).

4.
Details of Wilson’s life can be found in his book
Naturalist
(Shearwater Books: Washington, DC, 1996).

5.
Wilson’s book
Biophilia
(Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 1986) started things off, but much useful followup material can be found in the later book edited by Stephen Kellert and Edward Wilson and entitled
The Biophilia Hypothesis
(Island Press: Washington, DC, 1995).

6.
Many studies describing the human preference for natural settings can be found in Stephen Kaplan’s book
The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective
(Cambridge University Press: New York, 1989).

7.
Many of the findings relating to the beneficial effects of exposure to nature on healing, productivity, and happiness are reviewed in Stephen Kellert and Edward Wilson’s edited volume,
The Biophilia Hypothesis
(Island Press: Washington, DC, 1995).

8.
Richard Louv,
Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder
(Algonquin Books: New York, 2006).

9.
Erik Jonsson,
Inner Navigation: Why We Get Lost and How We Find Our Way
(Scribner: New York, 2002).

10.
Tim Lougheed, “The Not-So-Great Outdoors,”
University Affairs
, April 2006.

11.
Information on the engaging pursuit of geocaching can be found at
www.geocaching.com
.

12.
Stephen Kellert’s biophilic design book
Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection
(Island Press: Washington, DC, 2005) contains much interesting material on how to construct buildings and towns to encourage connections with nature.