Whole (49 page)

31.
L. Hooper et al., “Risks and Benefits of Omega 3 Fats for Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review,”
BMJ
332, no. 7544 (2006): 752-60.

32.
Kaushik et al., “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids.”

33.
C. S. Foote, Y. C. Chang, and R. W. Denny, “Chemistry of Singlet Oxygen. X. Carot-enoid Quenching Parallels Biological Protection,”
Journal of the American Chemical Society
92, no. 17 (1970): 5216-18; J. E. Packer, J. S. Mahood, V. O. Mora-Arellano, T. F. Slater, R. L. Willson, and B. S. Wolfenden, “Free Radicals and Singlet Oxygen Scavengers: Reaction of a Peroxy-radical with β-carotene, Diphenyl Furan and 1,4-diazobicyclo(2,2,2)-octane,”
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
98, no. 4 (1981): 901-6.

34.
R. Peto, R. Doll, and J. D. Buckley, “Can Dietary Beta-Carotene Materially Reduce Human Cancer Rates?”
Nature
290, no. 5803 (1981): 201-8.

35.
G. S. Omenn, “Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers: Lessons from CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, and Prospects for the Future,”
European Journal of Cancer Prevention
16, no. 3 (2007): 184-91.

36.
G. S. Omenn et al, “Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease,”
New England Journal of Medicine
334, no. 18 (1996): 1150-55.

37.
Omenn, “Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers.”

38.
A. Saremi and R. Arora, “Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease,”
American Journal of Therapeutics
17, no. 3 (2010): e56-e65; Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins.”

39.
Augustyniak et al., “Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants.”

40.
Ibid.;
Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins”; Aggarwal et al., “Tocotrienols”; Dotan et al., “No Evidence Supports Vitamin E”; A. R. Ndhlala, M. Moyo, and J. Van Staden, “Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules?”
Molecules
15, no. 10 (2010): 6905-30; E. M. Becker, L. R. Nissen, and L. H. Skibsted, “Antioxidant Evaluation Protocols: Food Quality or Health Effects,”
European Food Research and Technology
219, no. 6 (2004): 561-71.

1.
D. Pimentel et al., “Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits,”
Science
267, no. 5201 (1995): 1117-23; R. Segelken, in Cornell University news release (Ithaca, NY: 1997); D. Pimentel in Canadian Society of Animal Science Meetings (Montreal, Canada: 1997).

2.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Deforestation Causes Global Warming,” news release, September 4, 2006,
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000385/index.html
.

3.
H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan,
Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome (2006),
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf
.

4.
Ibid.

5.
R. Goodland, “Our choices to overcome the climate crisis,” NGO Global Forum 14 (Gwangju, Korea, 2011).

6.
I should point out that not all methods of cattle raising appear to contribute to global warming. There’s evidence that well-managed pastured cows actually decrease carbon emissions by helping to build soil and improve grassland fertility. (“What’s Your Beef?” National Trust,
http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/servlet/file/store5/item842742/version1/What’s%20your%20beef.pdf
, 2012. While this paper’s conclusions about the health effects of meat are uninformed, the carbon sequestration research it describes appears to be evidence-based.

7.
David E. Kromm, “Ogallala Aquifer,”
Water Encyclopedia,
accessed November 11, 2012,
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html
; Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne,
The Ogallala Aquifer
(Poteau, Oklahoma: The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2000),
http://www.kerrcenter.com/publications/ogallala_aquifer.pdf
.

8.
Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne,
The Ogallala Aquifer.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Neal D. Barnard,
Foods That Fight Pain: Revolutionary New Strategies for Maximum Pain Relief
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999): 368.

1.
G. L. Hildenbrand, L. C. Hildenbrand, K. Bradford, and S. W. Cavin, “Five-Year Survival Rates of Melanoma Patients Treated by Diet Therapy after the Manner of Gerson: A Retrospective Review,”
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
1, no. 4 (1995): 29-37.

2.
Dr. Max Gerson advocated a largely plant-based diet as a possible cancer cure beginning back in 1936, and was roundly condemned at a U.S. Senate hearing in the 1940s.

3.
D. Kavanagh, A. D. Hill, B. Djikstra, R. Kennelly, E. M. McDermott, and N. J. O’Higgins, “Adjuvant Therapies in the Treatment of Stage II and III Malignant Melanoma,”
Surgeon
3, no. 4 (2005): 245-56.

4.
D. J. Dewar, B. Newell, M. A. Green, A. P. Topping, B. W. Powell, and M. G. Cook, “The Microanatomic Location of Metastatic Melanoma in Sentinel Lymph Nodes Predicts Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
22, no. 16 (2004): 3345-49.

5.
Ibid.

6.
This rather crude estimate is based on one million total cancer diagnoses per year, a number derived from the approximately 500,000 cancer-related deaths per year and the estimated 50 percent mortality rate among all cancer patients.

7.
D. W. Light and R. N. Warburton, “Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence,”
Journal of Health Economics
24 (2005): 1030-33.

8.
D. W. Light and R. N. Warburton, “Drug R&D Costs Questioned: Widely Quoted Average Cost to Bring Drugs to Market Doesn’t Appear to Hold Up to Scrutiny,”
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
31, no. 13 (July 1, 2011),
http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/drug-r-d-costs-questioned/3707/
.

9.
“Direct-to-Consumer Advertising,”
Wikipedia,
last modified April 16, 2012,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising
.

10.
“Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising Than Research and Development, Study Finds,”
ScienceDaily
(blog), January 7, 2008,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm
.

11.
“Majority of Pharmaceutical Ads Do Not Adhere to FDA Guidelines, New Study Finds,”
ScienceDaily,
August 18, 2011,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110818093052.htm
.

12.
“Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising than Research and Development, Study Finds,”
ScienceDaily,
January 7, 2008,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm
.

13.
“Pharmaceutical Industry,”
Wikipedia,
last modified October 30, 2012,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Industry
.

14.
“List of countries by GDP (nominal),”
Wikipedia,
accessed December 2, 2012,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)
.

15.
S. Yusuf, “Two Decades of Progress in Preventing Vascular Disease,”
Lancet
360, no. 9326 (2002): 2-3; N. J. Wald and M. R. Law, “A Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease by More Than 80%,”
BMJ
326, no. 7404 (2003): 1419-24; E. Lonn, J. Bosch, K. K. Teo, D. Xavier, and S. Yusuf, “The Polypill in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Concepts, Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions,”
Circulation
122, no. 20 (2010): 2078-88.

16.
Wald and Law, “A Strategy to Reduce.”

17.
Lonn et al., “The Polypill.”

18.
Wald and Law, “A Strategy to Reduce.”

19.
Combination Pharmacology and Public Health Research Working Group, “Combination Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disease,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
143, no. 8 (2005): 593-99; J. Wise, “Polypill Holds Promise for People with Chronic Disease,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
83, no. 12 (2005): 885-87.

20.
Lonn et al., “The Polypill.”

21.
S. Ebrahim, A. Beswick, M. Burke, and S. G. Davey, “Multiple Risk Factor Interventions for Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease,”
Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews
(October 18, 2006): CD001561.

22.
Ebrahim et al., “Multiple risk factor interventions.”

23.
“Frequently Asked Questions August 2010: CODEX and Dietary Supplements,” CodexFund.com, accessed November 11, 2012,
http://www.codexfund.com/faq.htm
.

24.
Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer,
Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer
(Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1982).

25.
Thurston, “Dietary Supplements.”

26.
Ibid.
Estimates of the size of the dietary supplement industry vary, depending on what types of products are considered. Nutrient supplements are only one part of this market.

1.
However, there has been increasing pressure in recent years for professors who wish to do research to also obtain enough funding to cover their salaries.

2.
B. C. Martinson, M. S. Anderson, and R. de Vries, “Scientists Behaving Badly,”
Nature
435 (June 9, 2005): 737-38.

3.
Almost all of the research funding for our laboratory research was provided by the U.S. National Cancer Institute of the NIH, with smaller amounts by the American Institute for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, and other public agencies.

4.
Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins.”

5.
Bjelakovic et al., “Mortality in Randomized Trials”; Miller et al., “Meta-analysis”; Lonn et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E.”

6.
Augustyniak et al., “Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants”; Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins”; Aggarwal et al., “Tocotrienols.”

1.
Richard Smith, “Medical Journals: A Gaggle of Golden Geese,”
BMJ Group
(blog), July 3, 2012,
http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2012/07/03/richard-smith-medical-journals-a-gaggle-of-golden-geese/
.

2.
A. Lundh, M. Barbateskovic, A. Hrobjartsson, and P. C. Gotzsche, “Conflicts of Interest at Medical Journals: The Influence of Industry-Supported Randomised Trials on Journal Impact Factors and Revenue—Cohort Study,”
PLoS Medicine
7 (2010): 1-7.

3.
A. E. Handel, S. V. Patel, J. Pakpoor, G. G. Ebers, B. Goldacre, and S. V. Ramagopalan, “High Reprint Orders in Medical Journals and Pharmaceutical Industry Funding: Case-control Study,”
British Medical Journal
344 (June 28, 2012): e4214, doi:10.1136 /bmj.e4212.

4.
Jacob Goldstein, “Whole Foods CEO: ‘We sell a bunch of junk,’”
Wall Street Journal Health Blog,
August 6, 2009,
http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2009/08/05/whole-foods-ceo-we-sell-a-bunch-of-junk/
.

5.
A. Goldhamer, D. L. Lisle, B. Parpia, S. V. Anderson, and T. C. Campbell, “Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Hypertension,”
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
24, no. 5 (2001): 335-39; A. Goldhamer, D. L. Lisle, B. Parpia, S. V. Anderson, and T. C. Campbell, “Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Borderline Hypertension,”
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
8, no. 5, (October 2002): 643-50.

6.
C. D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, S. Kim, R. S. Stafford, R. R. Balise, H. C. Kraemer, and A. C. King, “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women. The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
297, no. 9 (2007): 969-77.

7.
“Grants,” The Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation, accessed November 1, 2012,
http://www.atkinsfoundation.org/grants.asp
.

8.
J. Lehrer.
The News Hour with Jim Lehrer,
January 20, 2007.

9.
C. Emery and J. Rockoff, “Cancer Death Rate Falls,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, NC), January 18, 2007: 1A, 14A.

10.
Associated Press, “Cancer Deaths Drop for 2nd Straight Year,” MSNBC.com, January 17, 2007,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16668688/ns/health-cancer/t/cancer-deaths-decline-nd-straight-year/
.

11.
Ibid.

12.
National Cancer Institute, “NCI Budget Requests,” last modified November 1, 2011,
http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/servingpeople/nci-budget-information/requests
.

13.
“Obituary: Sidney Harman, 1918-2011,”
BloombergBusinessweek,
April 14, 2011,
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_17/b4225024048922.htm
.

14.
“Alberto Ibargüen, President and CEO,” John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012,
http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/alberto-ibarguen/
.

15.
“Anna Spangler Nelson, Trustee,” John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012,
http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/anna-spangler-nelson/
.

16.
Lee Weisbecker, “Wakefield Group Joins VCs Going Invisible,”
Triangle Business Journal,
July 6, 2009,
http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2009/07/06/story6.html
.

17.
“Services,” Aurora Diagnostics, 2011,
http://www.auroradx.com/services/
.