What Hath God Wrought (149 page)
Read What Hath God Wrought Online
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: #History, #United States, #19th Century, #Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies), #Modern, #General, #Religion
16. Richard Latner, “The Kitchen Cabinet and Andrew Jackson’s Advisory System,”
JAH
65 (1978): 267–88.
JAH
65 (1978): 267–88.
17. I owe some of these figures to Daniel Feller, who generously shared his research with me; others come from Cole,
Presidency of Jackson
, 41–42, and John,
Spreading the News
, 223–33.
Presidency of Jackson
, 41–42, and John,
Spreading the News
, 223–33.
18. “First Annual Message to Congress” (Dec. 8, 1829),
Presidential Messages
, II, 448–49.
Presidential Messages
, II, 448–49.
19. Sidney Aronson,
Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service
(Cambridge, Mass., 1964), 82, 90.
Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service
(Cambridge, Mass., 1964), 82, 90.
20. Shaw Livermore,
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton, 1962), 241; Cole,
Presidency of Jackson
, 46; Leonard D. White,
The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History
(New York, 1954), 327–32.
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton, 1962), 241; Cole,
Presidency of Jackson
, 46; Leonard D. White,
The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History
(New York, 1954), 327–32.
21. Six weeks before the inauguration, a young Democrat noticed that “the friends of Van Buren and those of Calhoun are becoming very jealous of each other.” James Buchanan to Benjamin Porter, Jan. 22, 1829, quoted in Richard Latner, “The Eaton Affair Reconsidered,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
36 (1977): 333–34.
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
36 (1977): 333–34.
22. Cole,
Presidency of Jackson
, 31.
Presidency of Jackson
, 31.
23. Harry Watson,
Liberty and Power
(New York, 1990), 100.
Liberty and Power
(New York, 1990), 100.
24. Louis McLane to James A. Bayard, Feb. 19, 1829, quoted in Catherine Allgor,
Parlor Politics
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 200.
Parlor Politics
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 200.
25. See ibid., 190–238.
26. John Marszalek,
The Petticoat Affair
(New York, 1997), 79, 81.
The Petticoat Affair
(New York, 1997), 79, 81.
27. Andrew Jackson to Ezra Stiles Ely, March 23, 1829, in James Parton,
The Life of Andrew Jackson
(New York, 1861), III, 188.
The Life of Andrew Jackson
(New York, 1861), III, 188.
28. Parton,
Life of Jackson
, III, 204.
Life of Jackson
, III, 204.
29. Quoted in Kirsten Wood, “Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,”
JER
17 (1997): 238.
JER
17 (1997): 238.
30. See ibid., 237–75.
31. James Hamilton, Alexander’s son, reported the latter statement and said it was made to him. Quoted in Robert Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Bank War
(New York, 1967), 49, italics in original.
Andrew Jackson and the Bank War
(New York, 1967), 49, italics in original.
32. James Schouler, “Monroe and the Rhea Letter,”
Magazine of American History
(1884): 308–22; Richard Sternberg, “Jackson’s ‘Rhea Letter’ Hoax,”
Journal of Southern History
(1936): 480–96.
Magazine of American History
(1884): 308–22; Richard Sternberg, “Jackson’s ‘Rhea Letter’ Hoax,”
Journal of Southern History
(1936): 480–96.
33. Parton,
Life of Jackson,
III, 287.
Life of Jackson,
III, 287.
34. Quoted in Allgor,
Parlor Politics
, 208.
Parlor Politics
, 208.
35. Quoted in Clement Eaton,
Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics
(Boston, 1957), 167. Clay was parodying Shakespeare’s description of Cleopatra.
Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics
(Boston, 1957), 167. Clay was parodying Shakespeare’s description of Cleopatra.
36. AJ to Robert Call, July 5, 1829,
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 51.
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 51.
37. AJ to John C. McLemore, Nov. 24, 1829,
Correspondence
, IV, 88–89.
Correspondence
, IV, 88–89.
38. Michael Holt,
Political Parties and American Political Development
(Baton Rouge, 1992), 45; John Niven,
John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 167–68; Latner, “Eaton Affair,” 330–51.
Political Parties and American Political Development
(Baton Rouge, 1992), 45; John Niven,
John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 167–68; Latner, “Eaton Affair,” 330–51.
39. Remini,
Jackson
, II, 240–46. AJ to Andrew J. Donelson, Dec. 25, 1830, quoted ibid., 246. Amos Kendall to Francis Blair, April 25, 1830, quoted in Charles Sellers,
James K. Polk, Jacksonian
(Princeton, 1957), 148. On Crawford, see Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 295.
Jackson
, II, 240–46. AJ to Andrew J. Donelson, Dec. 25, 1830, quoted ibid., 246. Amos Kendall to Francis Blair, April 25, 1830, quoted in Charles Sellers,
James K. Polk, Jacksonian
(Princeton, 1957), 148. On Crawford, see Sellers,
Market Revolution
, 295.
40. Niven,
John C. Calhoun
, 175.
John C. Calhoun
, 175.
41. AJ to John Coffee, April 24, 1831,
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 269.
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 269.
42. See Kenneth Porter,
The Negro on the American Frontier
(New York, 1971), 182–327.
The Negro on the American Frontier
(New York, 1971), 182–327.
43. Grace Woodward,
The Cherokees
(Norman, Okla., 1963), 131–33; Thomas P. Abernathy,
From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee
(Chapel Hill, 1932), 239.
The Cherokees
(Norman, Okla., 1963), 131–33; Thomas P. Abernathy,
From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee
(Chapel Hill, 1932), 239.
44. See William McLoughlin,
Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic
(Princeton, 1986); Duane Champagne,
Social Order and Political Change: Constitutional Governments Among the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Creek
(Stanford, 1992).
Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic
(Princeton, 1986); Duane Champagne,
Social Order and Political Change: Constitutional Governments Among the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Creek
(Stanford, 1992).
45. Theda Perdue,
Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1979), 60.
Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1979), 60.
46. The census did not include those Cherokees who had migrated beyond the Mississippi with government encouragement. Ulrich B. Phillips,
Georgia and State Rights
(Washington, 1902), 71.
Georgia and State Rights
(Washington, 1902), 71.
47. See Grant Foreman,
Sequoyah
(Norman, Okla., 1938).
Sequoyah
(Norman, Okla., 1938).
48. “Address to the Chiefs of the Cherokee” (1806),
TJ: Writings
, 562; Jefferson (1809) quoted in Meinig,
Continental America
, 80.
TJ: Writings
, 562; Jefferson (1809) quoted in Meinig,
Continental America
, 80.
49. See Anthony Wallace,
Jefferson and the Indians
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999). The Treaty of Holston is quoted in John West,
The Politics of Revelation and Reason: Religion and Civic Life in the New Nation
(Lawrence, Kans., 1980), 182.
Jefferson and the Indians
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999). The Treaty of Holston is quoted in John West,
The Politics of Revelation and Reason: Religion and Civic Life in the New Nation
(Lawrence, Kans., 1980), 182.
50. Walter Lowrie and Walter Franklin, eds.,
American State Papers: Indian Affairs
(Washington, 1834), class 2, vol. II, 469.
American State Papers: Indian Affairs
(Washington, 1834), class 2, vol. II, 469.
51. Ibid., 474.
52. Phillips,
Georgia and State Rights
, 70.
Georgia and State Rights
, 70.
53. Anthony Carey,
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia
(Athens, Ga., 1997), 20–23.
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia
(Athens, Ga., 1997), 20–23.
54. Phillips,
Georgia and State Rights
, 71–72. On the origins of this claim, see Stuart Banner,
How the Indians Lost Their Land
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 205–6; Lindsay Robertson,
Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands
(Oxford, 2005), 95–116.
Georgia and State Rights
, 71–72. On the origins of this claim, see Stuart Banner,
How the Indians Lost Their Land
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 205–6; Lindsay Robertson,
Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands
(Oxford, 2005), 95–116.
55. McLoughlin,
Cherokee Renascence
, 430–33; Tim Garrison,
The Legal Ideology of Removal
(Athens, Ga., 2002), 103–14, 120–21.
Cherokee Renascence
, 430–33; Tim Garrison,
The Legal Ideology of Removal
(Athens, Ga., 2002), 103–14, 120–21.
56.
Autobiography of Martin Van Buren
, ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1920), 295.
Autobiography of Martin Van Buren
, ed. John Fitzpatrick (Washington, 1920), 295.
57. AJ to James Monroe, March 4, 1817,
Papers of Andrew Jackson
, IV, 93–98. Jackson relied on the legal concept of “eminent domain”; see Banner,
How the Indians Lost Their Land
, 202–4.
Papers of Andrew Jackson
, IV, 93–98. Jackson relied on the legal concept of “eminent domain”; see Banner,
How the Indians Lost Their Land
, 202–4.
58. See Thomas Clark and John Guice,
Frontiers in Conflict
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1989), 238–40; James P. Ronda, “Race, Geography, and the Invention of Indian Territory,”
JER
19 (1999): 739–55.
Frontiers in Conflict
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1989), 238–40; James P. Ronda, “Race, Geography, and the Invention of Indian Territory,”
JER
19 (1999): 739–55.
59. Lynn Parsons, “‘A perpetual Harrow upon my Feelings’: John Quincy Adams and the American Indian,”
New England Quarterly
46 (Sept. 1973), 339–79; quotation from Barbour on p. 358.
New England Quarterly
46 (Sept. 1973), 339–79; quotation from Barbour on p. 358.
60. Jackson, “First Annual Message,”
Presidential Messages
, II, 458–59; AJ to John Pitchlynn, Aug. 5, 1830,
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 169; Phillips,
Georgia and State Rights
, 69.
Presidential Messages
, II, 458–59; AJ to John Pitchlynn, Aug. 5, 1830,
Correspondence of AJ
, IV, 169; Phillips,
Georgia and State Rights
, 69.
61. Jeremiah Evarts,
Cherokee Removal
, ed. Francis Prucha (Knoxville, Tenn., 1981); John Andrew,
Jeremiah Evarts
(Athens, Ga., 1992); Michael Coleman,
Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes Toward American Indians
(Jackson, Miss., 1985) 139–42, 177.
Cherokee Removal
, ed. Francis Prucha (Knoxville, Tenn., 1981); John Andrew,
Jeremiah Evarts
(Athens, Ga., 1992); Michael Coleman,
Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes Toward American Indians
(Jackson, Miss., 1985) 139–42, 177.
62. Beecher is quoted in Mary Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle Against Indian Removal in the 1830s,”
JAH
86 (1999): 26; the petition is quoted in John West,
The Politics of Revelation and Reason
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 185.
JAH
86 (1999): 26; the petition is quoted in John West,
The Politics of Revelation and Reason
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 185.
63.
Register of Debates
, 21st Cong., 1st sess. (Feb. 2, 1830), 108–9.
Register of Debates
, 21st Cong., 1st sess. (Feb. 2, 1830), 108–9.
64. Randolph Roth,
The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order
(Cambridge, Eng., 1987), 164–68; Van Buren,
Autobiography
, 293.
The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order
(Cambridge, Eng., 1987), 164–68; Van Buren,
Autobiography
, 293.
65. Jill Lepore,
The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity
(New York, 1998), 191–226.
The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity
(New York, 1998), 191–226.
66. Robert Campbell, “From
The Georgian
,”
Niles’ Weekly Register
, Aug. 30, 1828, 14.
The Georgian
,”
Niles’ Weekly Register
, Aug. 30, 1828, 14.
67. Theodore Frelinghuysen, “The Cherokee Lands,”
Register of Debates,
21st Cong., 1st sess. (April 6, 1830), 309–20.
Register of Debates,
21st Cong., 1st sess. (April 6, 1830), 309–20.
68. Henry Clay to Jeremiah Evarts, Aug. 23, 1830,
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. Robert Seager (Lexington, Ky., 1984), VIII, 255.
Papers of Henry Clay
, ed. Robert Seager (Lexington, Ky., 1984), VIII, 255.
69. Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women,” 29–30.
70.
Register of Debates
, 21st Cong., 1st sess. (April 13, 1830), 327; Herman Viola,
Thomas L. McKenny
(Chicago, 1974), 221–22.
Register of Debates
, 21st Cong., 1st sess. (April 13, 1830), 327; Herman Viola,
Thomas L. McKenny
(Chicago, 1974), 221–22.
71. Tabulations of party voting on the bill vary slightly because party designations were not clear in every case. Crockett’s statement against Indian Removal was printed in
Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians,
ed. Jeremiah Evarts (Boston, 1830), 251–53.
Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians,
ed. Jeremiah Evarts (Boston, 1830), 251–53.
72. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, ed. Phillips Bradley (New York, 1945), I, 340.
Democracy in America
, ed. Phillips Bradley (New York, 1945), I, 340.
73. See Arthur DeRosier Jr.,
The Removal of the Choctaw Indians
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1970), 100–147; Ronald Satz,
American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era
(Lincoln, Neb., 1975), 64–96; Cole,
Presidency of Andrew Jackson
, 109–12.
The Removal of the Choctaw Indians
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1970), 100–147; Ronald Satz,
American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era
(Lincoln, Neb., 1975), 64–96; Cole,
Presidency of Andrew Jackson
, 109–12.
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