Wellington’s Engineers: Military Engineering on the Peninsular War 1808-1814 (42 page)

Read Wellington’s Engineers: Military Engineering on the Peninsular War 1808-1814 Online

Authors: Mark S. Thomson

Tags: #Non-Fiction, #History, #Military, #Napoleonic Wars, #Spain, #Portugal, #Engineering

BOOK: Wellington’s Engineers: Military Engineering on the Peninsular War 1808-1814
9.88Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

3
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, Vol. 1, p. 286.

4
. WSD, Hope to Wellington, Hendaye, 8 October 1813.

5
. REM 5501-79, Reid to Jones, 3 November 1813. REM 5501-139, Reid to Burgoyne, 30 November 1813.

6
. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 23 October 1813.

7
. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 1 November 1813.

8
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, p. 287.

9
. WSD, Hope to Wellington, Guethary, 12 November 1813.

10
. WD, Wellington to Hope, St Pe, 14 November 1813.

11
. Connolly,
History of the Royal Corps of Sappers and Miners
, Vol. 1, p. 198.

12
. REM 5501-59-7, Pitts to Burgoyne, 1 December 1813.

13
. REM 4201-274, 3 November 1813.

14
. WSD, Wellington to Hope, 8 December 1813.

15
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, Vol. 1, pp. 287–8.

16
. ADD MS41963, Pasley Papers, Burgoyne to Pasley, 17 January 1814.

17
. Anton,
Retrospective of a Military Life
, p. 88.

18
. Sabine,
Frazer Letters
, p. 357.

19
. WSD, QMG to Cole, 15 December 1813.

20
. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 December 1813.

21
. REM 5501-59-7, H. D. Jones to J. T. Jones, 9 January 1814.

22
. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 23 January 1814 and 6 February 1814.

23
. REM 4201-274, Elphinstone Letters, 16 January 1814. Also see Dickson,
Manuscripts
, Vol. 5, p. 1148.

24
. Larpent,
Private Journal
, 3rd Edition, p. 405.

25
. WSD Hope to Wellington, 23 February 1814.

26
. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 24 February 1813; Penrose to Wellington, 24 February 1814.

27
. WSD, Hope to Wellington, 25 February 1813.

28
. WD, Wellington to Penrose, 7 February 1813.

29
. Porter,
History of the Royal Engineers
, Vol. 1, p. 355.

30
. J. T. Jones,
Journal of Sieges
, Vol. 2, pp. 122–3.

31
. WD, Wellington to Hope, 2 March 1814.

32
. WD Wellington to Hope, 25 February 1814.

33
. Larpent,
Private Journal
, pp. 414–15.

34
. Havard,
Wellington’s Welsh General
, p. 219.

35
. WD, Wellington to Bathurst, St Sever, 4 March 1814.

36
. WD, Wellington to Hope, St Lys, 26 March 1814

37
. Larpent,
Private Journal
, p. 458 (NB not p. 488 as stated in Fortescue). Oman,
Peninsular War
, Vol. 7, p. 48. Fortescue,
History of the British Army
, Vol. 10, p. 67.

38
. Sabine,
Frazer Letters
, p. 447.

39
. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 28 March 1814.

40
. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.

41
. NA WO55/959, Goldfinch to Elphinstone, 12 April 1814.

42
. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.

43
. WD, QMG to officer commanding on right bank, 5 April 1814.

44
. REM 5501-59-7, Wright to Burgoyne, 13 April 1814.

45
. REM 5501-79, Wright to Burgoyne, 10 April 1814.

46
. REM 5501-79, Reid to Burgoyne, 8 May 1814.

47
. WD, Wellington to Hope, 5 March 1814.

48
. WD, Wellington to Hope, 5 March 1814 and 8 March 1814.

49
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, p. 297fn.

Appendix 3

1
. C. Raeuber, ‘Military Topographical Reconnaissance in Portugal, 1810’ in Berkeley (ed.),
New Lights on the Peninsular War
, pp. 165–77.

2
. Hewitt,
Map of a Nation
.

3
. Raeuber, ‘Military Topographical Reconnaissance in Portugal, 1810’ in Berkeley (ed.),
New Lights on the Peninsular War
, p. 174

4
. See Gomez, Velilla and Aguglario,
Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain in the Peninsular War
.

5
. Thomas Jefferys,
A New Map Of The Kingdoms Of Spain And Portugal With Their Principal Divisions
, London, 1790.

6
. WO55/958, Neville to Rowley, 17 March 1809.

7
. BL Add63106, ff.9-10, Squire to Bunbury, 10 September 1810.

8
. This is referring to W. G. Elliot RA –
Treatise on the Defence of Portugal
. REM 4601-86, Ross to Dalrymple, 14 December 1810.

9
. Taken from Dr John Peaty’s presentation to Wellington Congress 2010, ‘Wellington’s Surveyors and Map-Makers in the Peninsula’.

10
. NA 37/10, Scovell Papers. Not dated or signed.

11
. Rice Jones,
An Engineer Officer under Wellington
, p. 13.

12
. BL Add MS57544, f.204. Mackenzie to Moore, 13 December 1808.

13
. Foster,
Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell and his World
.

14
. NA WO55/1561/9, dated 9 November 1808.

15
. Centeno,
O Exercito Aliado Anglo-Português 1808-14
, p. 339.

16
. NA WO37/10, Murray to Scovell, 26 September 1808.

17
. Centeno,
O Exercito Aliado Anglo-Português 1808-14
, pp. 338–43.

Appendix 4

1
.
RE Journal
, January 1890, p. 4.

2
.
RE Journal
, June 1943, Article on the Royal Staff Corps 1800–37, pp. 83–4.

3
. Leith-Hay,
Narrative of the Peninsular War
, Vol. 1, pp. 300–10.

4
. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, Niza, 18 April 1811.

5
. NA WO55/959, Fletcher to Morse, 17 October 1811.

6
. Based on the details in Dickson,
Manuscripts
, Vol. 5, p. 830.

7
.
RE Journal
, January 1890, p. 6.

8
.
RE Journal
, 1870, p. 14.

Appendix 5

1
.
Royal Military Chronicle
, Vol. 1, part, 1, November 1810, p. 40.

2
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, pp. 1–2.

3
. Ibid, pp. 264–5.

4
. Ibid, p. 4.

5
. Connolly & Edwards,
Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers
, p. 10; Guggisberg,
The Shop
, p. 258.

6
. W. D. Jones,
Records of the Royal Military Academy
, p. 81.

7
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, pp. 12–13.

8
. W. D. Jones,
Records of the Royal Military Academy
, p. 91.

9
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, p. 14.

10
. Ibid, p. 15.

11
. Ibid, p. 44.

12
. W. D. Jones,
Records of the Royal Military Academy
, p. 97.

13
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, p. 15.

14
. James,
The Regimental Companion
, p. 38.

15
. Duncan,
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
, Vol. 1, p. 110.

16
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, pp. 54–5.

17
. Ibid, p. 33.

18
. W. D. Jones,
Records of the Royal Military Academy
, p. 53.

19
. Guggisberg,
The Shop
, p. 35.

20
. W. D. Jones,
Records of the Royal Military Academy
, p. 54, 11 March 1795.

21
. Ibid, p. 65.

22
. Ibid, p. 75.

23
. For example, Birch 1793; Lefebure 1793; Elphinstone 1793; Thackeray 1794; Squire 1797; Burgoyne 1798; Goldfinch 1798; J. T. Jones 1798; Pasley 1799; G. C. Ross 1799; Fanshawe 1801; Nicholas 1801; Boothby 1804; E. R. Mulcaster 1804.

24
. REM 5501-79, Pasley to J. T. Jones, 3 February 1811.

25
. Ward,
The School of Military Engineering
, p. 5.

26
. Connolly,
History of the Royal Sappers and Miners
, Vol. 1, pp. 183–4. Warrant for increase signed 28 May 1811.

27
. REM 5501-59-1, Jones diary, Vol. 1, entry dated 25 April 1811.

28
. Connolly,
History of the Royal Sappers and Miners
Vol. 1, p. 179; J. T. Jones,
Journal of Sieges
, Vol. 1, p. 10.

29
. BL, ADD63106, Squire letters, f. 28. Squire also makes mention of artificers (i.e. RMA) and junior officers being trained in a letter of 30 April 1811.

30
. REM 5501-59-2, Jones’ diary, 9 November 1811.

31
. BL, ADD41963, ff.13-16. Squire to Pasley, 3 March 1812. Portalegre.

32
. BL, ADD41963, ff. 38-40, Pasley to his sister, 2 May 1812.

33
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, Vol. 1, p. 166, Pasley to Burgoyne, 2 March 1812.

34
. WD, Wellington to Liverpool, 11 February 1812.

35
.
Athenaeum
, 27 April 1889, p. 537, Wellington to Liverpool, 7 April 1812.

36
. BL, ADD63106, Squire Letters, ff. 54-5, 8 April 1812.

37
. BL, ADD41962, f. 149. Pasley Papers, Pasley to Fyers, 12 May 1809.

38
. REM 4601-79, f. 49, John Rowley to Pasley, 6 August 1811.

39
. BL, ADD41962, Pasley Papers, ff. 359-60, Pasley to Lord Mulgrave, 11 December 1811.

40
. BL, ADD41963, Pasley Papers, ff. 1-2, Pasley to Gother Mann, 18 January 1812.

41
. BL, ADD41963, Pasley Papers, ff. 9-10, John Rowley to Pasley, 17 February 1812.

42
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, Vol. 1, p. 164, Fletcher to IGF, 29 January 1812.

43
. Ward,
The School of Military Engineering
, p. 5.

44
.
Royal Military Chronicle
, May 1812, Gazette dated 24 April 1812, announcing dispatch received previous day.

45
. See WO54/252 for officers commissioned in 1812.

46
. BL, ADD41962, Pasley papers, ff. 38-40, Pasley to his sister, 2 May 1812.

47
. Wrottesley,
Life of Burgoyne
, Vol. 1, p. 166, Pasley to Burgoyne, 2 March 1812.

48
. WO47/291, 11 May 1812.

49
. REM 4501-65, ‘Memoir relative to the Royal Sappers and Miners No 1, 1813’.

50
. BL, ADD41963, Pasley papers, ff.60-61, Dickens to Pasley, 4 September 1812. Dickens had been CRE at Malta from 1800 to 1812, then returning to England. According to the returns, he was on leave at this time, before returning to Malta in February 1813.

51
. REM 4501-65. These comments are taken from Pasley’s ‘Memoir relative to the Sappers and Miners’.

52
. Kealey,
General Sir Charles William Pasley
, p. 13, quoting Pasley, talking about planned content of second part of his Essay.

53
. J. T. Jones,
Journal of Sieges
, 1st edition, p. ix.

54
. Kealey,
General Sir Charles William Pasley
, p. 9.

55
. REM 5501-79, Burgoyne to Squire, 4 January 1811.

56
. REM 2201-79, Dickenson to Burgoyne, 9 January 1811.

Bibliography

Primary Unpublished Sources

National Archives

PRO30/35/1

Correspondence of James Carmichael Smyth 1805–37.

WO17/2770

Engineers’ monthly returns Aug 1813–Dec 1815.

WO25/3913

Engineer Officer Records 1796–1860.

WO30/35/1

Diary of James Carmichael-Smyth 1808–15.

WO44/612

Misc. Engineer correspondence.

WO54/240

Engineers’ Commission Books 1755–80.

WO54/241

Engineers’ Commission Books 1797–1805.

WO54/242

Engineers’ Commission Books 1805–11.

WO54/243

Engineers’ Commission Books 1811–21.

WO54/251

Returns of Officers 1805–9.

WO54/252

Returns of Officers 1810–14.

WO54/253

Returns of Officers 1815–19.

WO55/958

Engineer papers 1798–11.

WO55/959

Engineer papers 1812–46.

WO55/977-984

Royal Engineer papers 1808–15

National Army Museum

1970-04-16-9

Letters of various Officers including John Birch; C. W. Pasley; J. F. Burgoyne.

1999-06-149

Diaries of Lieut. William Staveley R.S.C.

2004-05-26

Military Engineering in the Peninsular War 1808-1814. A Digest of References by Maj. J. T. Hancock.

6807/102

Tylden’s MS record on Pontoon Train 1814.

British Library

ADD36306

LETTERS (186) from Arthur Wellesley, Viscount, afterwards Duke of, Wellington, Commander-in-chief of the Forces in Portugal, to Lieut.-General Sir William Carr Beresford, Marshal in the Portuguese service.

ADD41766

GENERAL Sir Charles William Pasley, K.C.B. his family and his career’ by his grandson, Col. John Charles Tyler, Royal Engineers; 1929.

ADD41961-5

Pasley Papers 1807-1828: Vols. I–IV. Correspondence, family and professional, of Sir C. W. Pasley. Four volumes: 41961. Vol. I 9 Oct. 1784–25 Dec. 1806. 41962. Vol. II 31 Jan. 1807–29 Dec. 1811. 41963. Vol. III 18 Jan. 1812–27 Dec. 1828, n.d. 41964. Vol. IV.

ADD57544

Supplementary Moore Papers.

ADD63106

Letters of John Squire RE to Sir Henry Bunbury, 1810–12.

ADD63108

Bunbury Corresp (Misc Letters on Nap. Wars).

Royal Engineers’ Museum

2001.149

Misc RE letters.

2001.150

Ordnance General Orders.

2001.151

Misc RE Letters.

3801.15.3

Letter from Rice Jones Ciudad Rodrigo 20 Jan 1812.

4201.68

Sir John Fox Burgoyne’s Diaries (several).

4201.274

Letters from Howard Elphinstone to his wife.

4201.305

Peninsular Letters of Landmann and Fanshawe 1808–10.

4501.65

Memoirs relating to the Royal Sappers and Miners, 1813.

4501.86.4

Letters from Captain George Ross to Sir Hew Dalrymple.

4601.29

Account of throwing bridge across Adour in 1814.

4601.57.1

Emmett’s Peninsular Diary 1809–14.

4601.71

Misc letters of Sir Richard Fletcher.

4601.72

Misc letters from Burgoyne.

5501.52

Notebook of Capt West on river crossings in the Peninsula.

5501.59.1,2,3

J. T. Jones’ Diaries from 1810–12.

5501.59.4

Fletcher’s Letter book, Nov 1810 – Feb 1811.

5501.59.5

Fletcher’s Letter book, Oct 1811 – Oct 1812.

5501.59.6

Reid’s notes on the siege of Burgos.

5501.59.7

Letters written to Burgoyne by Squire, Pitts and Wright.

5501.59.8

Letters of Fletcher and Jones related to Torres Vedras.

5501.59.10

Letters to J. T. Jones RE, by his brother Harry D. Jones RE.

5501.59.18

Book of letters on Torres Vedras.

5501.59.21 to 31

Various letters.

5501.79

Letters of RE officers, Peninsula, Egypt and Crimea.

5501.106

Notebook of Harry D. Jones Oct 1812 – Feb 1814.

5501.108.4,5

Burgoyne’s diary and sketch of Siege of San Sebastian.

5501.108.6,7

Letters from Moore and Wellington to Burgoyne.

5501.108.8

Instructions on lines of Torres Vedras.

5501.123.1, 2, 3

Reports written by H. D. Jones

5501.134

Notebook of Charles Rochfort Scott R.S.C.

5501.139

Various letters on the Peninsular War.

5501.139.1

Letter from Burgoyne to Pasley on siege of Ciudad Rodrigo.

5501.139.3,4

Letters to/from Fitzroy Somerset regarding ranks.

7708.15

Oldfield papers (info on brigade equipment and pontoon train).

7804.16

Diary of Gustavus Nicholls 1799–1810.

8902.01

Nicholas’ Diary from the siege of Cadiz.

9312.13.2

Letter from A. J. Wortham on Siege of San Sebastian.

9312.13.3

Letter from Goldfinch to Morse on battles around Nive and Bayonne (+map).

In the possession of Vernon Merritt, Tunbridge Wells

The Diary of Edmund Mulcaster RE, covering the period from December 1808 to September 1810. Various letters written by Lancelot Machell RE, December 1809 to May 1813.

Primary Published Sources

Anton, J.,

Retrospective of a Military Life
, Edinburgh, 1841.

Boothby, C.,

A Prisoner of France
, London, 1898.

Boothby, C.,

Under England’s Flag from 1804-1809
, London, 1900.

Boutflower, C.,

The Journal of an Army Surgeon during the Peninsular War
, privately printed, n.d.

Bunbury, H.,

Narratives of Some Passages in the Great War with France from 1799 to 1810. By Lt General Sir Henry Bunbury formerly Quartermaster-General to the Army in the Mediterranean
, London, 1854.

The Letters and Journals of Field-Marshal Sir William Maynard Gomm from 1799 to Waterloo 1815
, London, 1881.

Carr-Gomm, F. C.,

Correspondence, Dispatches and other papers of Viscount
Castlereagh
, 12 vols, London, 1851.

Castlereagh, Marquess of, Dickson, A.,

The Dickson Manuscripts
, 5 vols, Cambridge, 1987, reprint of 1905 Woolwich edition.

Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington
, 1st edition, 12 vols, London, 1834–8.

Gurwood, J.,

Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington
, 2nd edition, 8 vols, London, 1852.

Gurwood, J., Haldane, H.,

Official Letters written by Lieut-Col. Henry Haldane to the Masters-General of his Majesty’s Ordnance since the year 1802, London, 1807
.

Henegan, R. D.,

Seven Years Campaigning in the Peninsula and the Netherlands
, 2 vols, Stroud, 2005.

James, Charles,

The Regimental Companion; containing the Relative Duties of Every Officer in the British Army
, London, 1800.

Jones, J. T.,

Journal of the Sieges undertaken by the Allies in Spain in the years 1811 and 1812 with Notes
, 1st edition, London, 1814.

Jones, J. T.,

Journal of the Sieges carried on by the army under the Duke of Wellington in Spain Between the Years 1811 to 1814
, 2nd edition, 2 vols, London, 1827.

Jones, J. T.,

Journal of the Sieges carried on by the army under the Duke of Wellington in Spain Between the Years 1811 to 1814; with Notes and Additions also Memoranda Relative to the Lines Thrown Up to Cover Lisbon in 1810
, 3rd edition, 3 vols, London, 1846.

Jones, J. T.,

The Military Autobiography of Major-General John T. Jones
, London, 1853. Twelve copies only, privately published for family use.

Jones, Rice,

An Engineer Officer under Wellington in the Peninsula
, Huntingdon, 1986.

Kincaid, J.,

Adventures in the Rifle Brigade and Random Shots of a Rifleman (abridged)
, Glasgow, 1981.

Landmann, G.,

Recollections of Military Life 1806-1808
, 2 vols, London, 1854.

Lamare, J. B.,

Relation des Sieges et Defences D’Olivenza, de Badajoz et de Campo Mayor en 1811 et 1812
, Paris, 1825.

Lamare, J. B.,

An account of the second defence of the fortress of Badajoz by the French in 1812. Translated by an Officer of the Royal Engineers
, Chatham, 1824.

Leith-Hay, A.,

A Narrative of the Peninsular War
, 2 vols, London, 1834.

May, J.,

A Few Observations on the Mode of Attack and Employment of Heavy Artillery at Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, in 1812, and St Sebastian in 1813
, London, 1819.

McGuffie, T. H. (ed.),

Peninsular Cavalry General: The Correspondence of Lieutenant General Robert Ballard Long
, London, 1951.

Muir, R.,

At Wellington’s Right Hand. The Letters of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Alexander Gordon 1808-1815
, Stroud, 2003.

Page, J. V.,

Intelligence Officer in the Peninsula. The Letters and Diaries of Major the Hon. Edward Charles Cocks 1786-1812
, Tunbridge Wells, 1986.

Pasley, C. W.,

Essay on the Military Policy and institutions of the British Empire, Part 1
, London, 1810.

Pasley, C. W.,

Course of instruction originally composed for the use of the Royal Engineer Department
, 3 vols, Chatham, 1814–17.

Pelet, J. J.

A Hawk at War: The Peninsular War Reminiscences of General Sir Thomas Brotherton
, Chippenham, 1986.

Perrett, B. (ed.),

The French Campaign in Portugal 1810-1811
, Minneapolis, 1973.

Rousseau, I. J. (ed.),

The Peninsular War Journal of Sir Benjamin D’Urban
, London, 1988.

Sabine, E.,

Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Frazer, K.C.B., commanding the Royal Horse Artillery in the army under the Duke of Wellington written during the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns
, Uckfield, 2001.

Smith, G. C.,

Autobiography of Lieutenant General Sir Harry Smith
, 2 vols, London, 1901.

Squire, John,

A Short Narrative of the late campaign of the British Army under the orders of the Earl of Chatham
, London, 1810.

Thompson, W. (ed),

An Ensign in the Peninsular War, The Letters of John Aitchison
, London, 1981.

Wellington, Duke of,

Supplementary Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington
, 15 vols, London, 1858–72.

Whinyates, F. A.,

Letters written by Lieut.-General Thomas Dyneley C.B., R.A., While on Active Service Between the years 1806 and 1815
, reprinted London, 1984.

Secondary Published Sources

Aspinal-Oglander, C.

Freshly Remembered; The Story of Thomas Graham
, London, 1956.

Belmas, J.,

Journaux des siéges faits ou soutenous par les français dans la Péninsule, de 1807 à 1814
, 4 vols, Paris, 1836.

Berkeley, A. (ed.),

New Lights on the Peninsular War. International Congress on the Iberian Peninsula, Selected Papers 1780-1840
, Lisbon, 1991.

Batty, Robert,

The Campaign in the Western Pyrenees
, reprinted Cambridge, 1983.

Beatson, F. C.,

The Bidassoa and the Nivelle
, London, 1931.

Brewer, J.,

The Sinews of Power. War, Money and the English State 1689–1783
, London, 1989.

Burnham, R. & McGuigan, R.

The British Army against Napoleon, Facts, Lists and Trivia 1805-15
, Barnsley, 2010.

Centeno, J.,

O Exercito Aliado Anglo-Português 1808-14
, Lisbon, 2011.

Colville, J.,

Portrait of a General
, Salisbury, 1980.

Connolly, T. W. J.,

History of the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners
, 2 vols, London, 1855.

Connolly, T.W.J, & Edwards, R.F.,

Roll of Officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers From 1660 to 1898
, Royal Engineers Institute, Chatham, 1898.

Douglas, H.,

An Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges
, 1st edition, London, 1816.

Douglas, H.,

An Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges
, 3rd edition, London, 1853.

Duncan, F.,

History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
, 2 vols, London, 1873.

Esdaile, C.,

The Peninsular War
, London, 2002.

Fletcher, I.,

In Hell Before Daylight. The Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Badajoz, 16 March to 6 April 1812
, London, 1984.

Fletcher, I (ed.),

The Peninsular War. Aspects of the Struggle for the Iberian Peninsula
, Staplehurst, 1998.

Fletcher, I.,

Badajoz 1812
, Oxford, 1999.

Forbes, A.,

A History of the Army Ordnance Services
, 2 vols, London, 1929.

Fortescue, J.,

History of the British Army
, 13 vols & 7 map vols, London, 1899–1930.

Foster, W. C.,

Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell and his World 1792-1855
, Sydney, Australia, 1985.

Gates, D.,

Warfare in the 19th Century
, Basingstoke, 2001.

Glover, M.,

Wellington’s Army in the Peninsula 1808-1814
, Newton Abbot, 1977.

Glover, R.,

Peninsular Preparation. The Reform of the British Army 1795-1809
, Cambridge, 1963.

Glover, R.,

Britain at Bay. Defence against Bonaparte 1803-14
, London, 1973.

Gomex, C., Velilla, C.

Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain in the Peninsular War
, Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, 2011.

& Manzano-Agugliaro, F. Gregory, D.,

No Ordinary General. Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Bunbury (1778–1860) The Best Soldier Historian
, New Jersey, 1999.

Grehan, J.,

The Lines of Torres Vedras
, Staplehurst, 2000.

Griffiths, P. (ed.),

A History of the Peninsular War, Volume IX, Modern Studies of the War in Spain and Portugal 1808-1814
, London, 1999.

Guggisberg, F. G.,

The Shop, The Story of the Royal Military Academy
, London, 1900.

Hall, C. D.,

British Strategy in the Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815
, Manchester, 1992.

Hall, C. D.,

Wellington’s Navy. Sea Power and the Peninsular War 1807-1814
, London, 2004.

Hall, J.,

The Biographical Dictionary of British Officers Killed and Wounded, 1808-1814
, London, 1998.

Haythornthwaite, P. J.

The Armies of Wellington
, London, 1994.

Hewitt, Rachel,

Map of a Nation. A Biography of the Ordnance Survey
, Kindle edition, 2011.

Horward, D.,

Napoleon and Iberia, The Twin sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida, 1810
, London, 1994.

Jenkins, J.

Martial Achievements of Great Britain and her Allies from 1799 to 1815
, Ken Trotman reprint, Cambridge, 2008.

Jones, J. T.,

Account of the War in Spain and Portugal and the South of France From 1808 to 1814 Inclusive
, 2nd edition, 2 vols, London, 1821.

Jones, W. D.,

Records of the Royal Military Academy
, Woolwich, 1851.

Kealey, P. H.,

General Sir Charles William Pasley KCB, FRS, Colonel-Commandant RE 1780-1861
, London, 1930.

Larpent, F. S.,

Private Journal of Judge Advocate Larpent, attached to the Head Quarters of Lord Wellington during the Peninsular War from 1812 to its close
, 3rd edition, London, 1854.

Le Marchant, D.,

Memoirs of the late Major-General Le Marchant 1766-1812
, Staplehurst, 1997.

Lipscombe, N.,

Wellington’s Guns: The Untold Story of Wellington and his Artillery in the Peninsula and at Waterloo
, Oxford, 2013.

Monteiro, M. (ed.),

The Lines of Torres Vedras. A Defence System to the North of Lisbon
, Torres Vedras, 2011.

Moore, J. C.,

A Narrative of the Campaign of the British Army in Spain

Commanded by His Excellency Lieut-General Sir John Moore
, London, 1809.

Muir, R.,

Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon. 1807-1815
, Yale, 1996.

Myatt, F.,

British Sieges of the Peninsular War
, Tunbridge Wells, 1987.

Myatt, F.,

Peninsular General: Sir Thomas Picton 1758-1815
, Newton Abbott, 1980.

Napier, W. F. P.,

History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814
, 1st edition, 6 vols, London, 1828–40.

Norris, A. H. & Bremner, R. W.,

The Lines of Torres Vedras. The First Three Lines and Fortifications South of the Tagus
, 2nd edition, Lisbon, 1980.

Oman, C. W. C.,

A History of the Peninsular War
, 7 vols, Oxford, 1902–30.

Oman, C. W. C.,

Wellington’s Army 1809-1814
, London, 1986.

Porter, R.,

History of the Royal Corps of Engineers. Volume 1
, Woolwich, 1889.

Robertson, I.,

A Commanding Presence: Wellington in the Peninsula 1808-1814: Logistics-Strategy-Survival
, Stroud, 2008.

Stanhope, Earl of, Teissedre (ed.),

Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington
, London, 1938.
Relations de Sièges en Espagne
, Paris, 2000.

Thompson, M. S.,

The Fatal Hill. The Allied Campaign under Beresford in Southern Spain in 1811
, Sunderland, 2002.

Thoumine, R. H.,

Scientific Soldier. A Life of General Le Marchant 1766-1812
, London, 1968.

Tyler, J.,

A Study of the Royal Engineer Organisation
, Chatham, 1897.

Uffindel, A.,

The National Army Museum Book of Wellington’s Armies. Britain’s Campaigns in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808-1815
, London, 2003.

Ward, B. R.,

The School of Military Engineering 1812-1909
, Chatham, 1909.

Ward, S. G. P.,

Wellington’s Headquarters
, Oxford, 1957.

Woolgar, C. M. (ed.),

Wellington Studies I
, Southampton, 1996.

Wrottesley, G.,

Life and Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir John Burgoyne
, 2 vols, London, 1873.

Other books

Darkborn by Costello, Matthew
Gone by Mo Hayder
Count This Cowboy In by Malone, Misty
On the Blue Comet by Rosemary Wells
Fledgling by OCTAVIA E. BUTLER