Transitional Justice in the Asia-Pacific (33 page)

1
Parts of this chapter have previously appeared in Renee
Jeffery
, ‘Enduring Tensions: Transitional Justice in the Asia-Pacific’,
Pacific Review
, (available on pre-view, 2013); Statement of Solomon Islander, Honiara, November 2005, quoted in Anna
Powles
, ‘Mission Creep: Statebuilding from Honiara to Dili’,
Security Challenges
, Vol.
2
, No. 2 (2006), p. 11.

2
Aileen Thomson, ‘Truth and Reconciliation in the Solomon Islands’,
The Human Rights Brief
, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, April 16, 2010, at
http://hrbrief.org/2010/04/truth-and-reconciliation-in-the-solomon-islands/
(accessed May 2, 2011); John
Braithwaite
, Sinclair
Dinnen
, Matthew
Allen
, Valerie
Braithwaite
, and Hilary
Charlesworth
,
Pillars and Shadows: Statebuilding as Peacebuilding in Solomon Islands
(Canberra: ANU E Press, 2010), p. 20.

3
International Australia, ‘Solomon Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission a Historic Opportunity’, March 8, 2010, at
http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/22663/
(accessed May 2, 2011).

4
Mary-Louise
O’Callaghan
, ‘RAMSI – the Way Ahead’ in Sinclair
Dinnen
and Stewart
Firth
(eds.),
Politics and Statebuilding in Solomon Islands
(Canberra: ANU E Press, 2008), p. 186.

5
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
, ‘What is RAMSI?’, at
http://www.ramsi.org/about/what-is-ramsi.html
(accessed May 2, 2011); Michael G.
Morgan
and Abby
McLeod
, ‘Have We Failed Our Neighbour?’,
Australian Journal of International Affairs
, Vol.
60
, No. 3 (2006), p. 418.

6
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 3; Michael
Fullilove
, ‘RAMSI and State Building in Solomon Islands’,
Defender
, Vol.
23
, No. 1 (2006), p. 33.

7
Tarcisius
Tara Kabutaulaka
, ‘Australian Foreign Policy and the RAMSI Intervention in Solomon Islands’,
The Contemporary Pacific
, Vol.
17, No. 2 (2005), p. 279.

8
Hilary Charlesworth, ‘Building Democracy and Justice After Conflict’, Occasional Paper 2/2007, the Cunningham Lecture, the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Canberra, 2007, p. 9, at
http://www.assa.edu.au/Publications/OP/op22007.pdf
(accessed May 2, 2011).

9
Interestingly, this latter view is also shared by at least one of the defence lawyers who represented individuals at the ‘Tension Trials’. See Kenneth Hall Averre, ‘The Tension Trials: A Defence Lawyer's Perspective of Post Conflict Intervention in Solomon Islands’, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Working Paper, Number 2008/3, Canberra: Australian National University, p. 10; Jack Maebuta and Rebecca Spence with Iris
Wielders
and Michael
O’Loughlin
, ‘Attempts at Building Peace in the Solomon Islands: Disconnected Layers’,
Reflecting on Peace Practice Project, Cumulative Impact Case Study
(Cambridge, MA: Collaborative Learning Projects, 2009), p. 22.

10
Elsina
Wainwright
,
Our Failing Neighbour: Australia and the Future of Solomon Islands
, Australia Strategic Policy Institute Report (Barton: ASPI, 2003), pp. 3, 6.

11
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 1.

12
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 1.

13
Judith Bennett, ‘Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands Though Much is Taken, Much Abides: Legacies of Tradition and Colonialism’, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 2002/5, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, pp. 2, 7.

14
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 13.

15
Francis
Fukuyama
, ‘State Building in Solomon Islands’,
Pacific Economic Bulletin
, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2008), p. 18.

16
Ruth Liloqula, ‘Understanding Conflict in Solomon Islands: A Practical Means to Peacemaking’, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 2000/7, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, p. 3.

17
Hegarty et al., ‘Rebuilding State and Nation in Solomon Islands’, p. 5; Jaap
Timmer
, ‘
Kastom
and Theocracy: a Reflection on Governance from the Uttermost Past of the World’, in Sinclair
Dinnen
and Stewart
Firth
(eds.),
Politics and Statebuilding in Solomon Islands
(Canberra: ANU E Press, 2008), p. 195; J.C.
Corrin Care
, ‘The Search for a More Appropriate Form of Government in Solomon Islands’ in B.A.
Hocking
(ed.),
Unfinished Constitutional Business? Rethinking Indigenous Self-determination
(Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2005), pp. 159–169.

18
Liloqula, ‘Understanding Conflict in Solomon Islands’, p. 5.

19
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, pp. 18–19.

20
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 19.

21
Bennett, ‘Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands’, p. 11.

22
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 21.

23
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 24.

24
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 21.

25
Sinclair
Dinnen
, ‘Dilemmas of Intervention and the Building of State and Nation’, in Sinclair
Dinnen
and Stewart
Firth
(eds.),
Politics and Statebuilding in Solomon Islands
(Canberra: ANU E Press, 2008), p. 12.

26
Clive
Moore
, ‘The RAMSI Intervention in the Solomon Islands Crisis’,
The Journal of Pacific Studies
, Vol.
28
, No. 1 (2005), pp. 61–62.

27
Moore, ‘The RAMSI Intervention in the Solomon Islands Crisis’, p. 62.

28
The Townsville Peace Agreement, October 15, 2000, Preamble, at
http://www.commerce.gov.sb/Gov/Peace_Agreement.htm
(accessed May 2, 2011).

29
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 37; Fraenkel,
The Manipulation of Custom
, p. 96.

30
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 37.

31
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 37.

32
Townsville Peace Agreement, 2.3.1.

33
Townsville Peace Agreement, 2.3.2.ii(b).

34
Townsville Peace Agreement, 5.1.(a)(b).

35
Townsville Peace Agreement, 5.2.(a).

36
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 39; Fraenkel,
The Manipulation of Custom
, pp. 102, 142.

37
Solomon Islands Amnesty Act 2001, 3.5.

38
James
Watson
, ‘A Model Pacific Solution? A Study of the Deployment of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands’, Working Paper No. 126 (Canberra: Land Warfare Studies Centre, 2005), p. 13. Amnesty International, for one, alleges that war crimes were committed during the Solomon Islands conflict. see Amnesty International Report on Solomon Islands, 2002, p. 10.

39
Tarcisius
Tara Kabutaulaka
, ‘Solomon Islands’,
The Contemporary Pacific
, Vol.
16
, No. 2 (2004), p. 396.

40
U.S. Department of State, ‘Solomon Islands’, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (February 25, 2004), p. 2, at
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27789.htm
(accessed May 2, 2011).

41
Br Richard Carter, in Stephen Crittenden, Interview with Father Peter Hosking, ‘Melanesian Brotherhood murders’,
The Religion Report, Radio National
, 21 July 2004; accessed at
http://www.abc.net/au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1156154.htm
, 2 May 2011.

42
Hosking, in Crittenden, ‘Melanesian Brotherhood Murders’.

43
K v. Regina
, High Court of the Solomon Islands, Criminal Case Number 368–05 (September 16, 2005), at
http://www.paclii.org/sb/cases/SBHC/2005/150.html
(accessed May 2, 2011).

44
Kabutaulaka, ‘Solomon Islands’, p. 396.

45
Some members of the joint operation were eventually charged and prosecuted for murder, robbery, and attempting to cause grievous bodily harm. See
Gabriele Havimei, James Kili, Wawari Malolo, Nicholas Na'agi, and John Taloi v Regina
, High Court of the Solomon Islands, Criminal Case No. 464 of 2005,  at
http://www.paclii.org/sb/cases/SBHC/2005/26.html
(accessed May 2, 2011).

46
Stephen
Crittenden
, ‘Interview with Father Peter Hosking, “Melanesian Brotherhood Murders”’,
The Religion Report, Radio National
, July 21, 2004, at
http://www.abc.net/au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1156154.htm
(accessed May 2, 2011).

47
‘Ex-Solomons Militants Guilty of Murders’,
NineMSN
, April 19, 2007, at
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/228333/ex-solomons-militants-guilty-of-murders
(accessed May 2, 2011); Fraenkel,
The Manipulation of Custom
, p. 157.

48
Testimony of Fr. Lionel Longarata, TRC Visale Public Hearing Day One, June 23, 2010, at
http://solomonislands-trc.com/public-hearing-sessions/visale-public-hearingsession-one.html
(accessed May 2, 2011).

49
Watson, ‘A Model Pacific Solution?’, p. 19.

50
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 55.

51
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 50.

52
Watson, ‘A Model Pacific Solution?’, p. 31; Solomon Islands Amnesty Act, 2001, 3.

53
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 52.

54
U.S. Department of State, ‘Solomon Islands’, p. 4.

55
U.S. Department of State, ‘Solomon Islands’, p. 4.

56
Regina v. Keke
, Judgment, 2005: 24, 26, 27.

57
Regina v. Ronny Cawa, Owen Isa, and Joses Kejoa
, High Court of Solomon Islands, Criminal Case No. 320 of 2004, (Judgment October 28, 2005), at
http://www/paclii.org/sb/cases/SBHC/2005/18.html
(accessed  May 2, 2011).

58
Roddy Seko v. Regina
, High Court of Solomon Islands, Criminal Case No. 350 of 2005, at
http://www.paclii.org/sb/cases/SBHC/2005/100.html
(accessed May 2, 2011).

59
Averre, ‘The Tension Trials’, p. 4; RAMSI now reports that remand times have been reduced to an average of five months. See
http://www.ramsi.org/our-work/law-and-justice/justice.html
(accessed May 2, 2011).

60
Paul Ash, Address to the Rotary Club, Honiara, March 13, 2007, at
http://www.ramsi.org/Media/docs/070313-Deputy-Special-Coordinator-Paul-Ash
– Address-to-Rotary-Honiara-2265a572–63c2–430c-aedb-8edcbf90c9fb-0.pdf (accessed May 2, 2011).

61
Parliamentary Inquiry
,
Parliamentary Inquiry into the Facilitation of International Assistance Notice 2003 and RAMSI Intervention
,
Chairman
, Hon. Peter
Boyers
(Honiara: Parliament of Solomon Islands, 2009), p. 135.

62
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 138; Kabutaulaka, ‘Solomon Islands’, p. 427.

63
Braithwaite et al.,
Pillars and Shadows
, p. 138.

64
Moore, ‘The RAMSI Intervention in the Solomon Islands Crisis’, p. 63.

65
Kabutaulaka in Moore, ‘The RAMSI intervention’, p. 64.

66
Moore, ‘The RAMSI Intervention in the Solomon Islands Crisis’, p. 63.