The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (142 page)

72.
New York Sun
and
New York Times
(February 17, 1884).

73.
T.R. Private Diaries (February 14 and 16, 1884).

74.
William Sewall,
Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Harper, 1919), p. 11.

75.
Quoted in Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt
, pp. 390–393.

76.
T.R. Private Diaries (June 9, 1884).

77.
Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 452.

78.
T.R.,
Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trial
, p. 81.

79.
H. W. Brands,
T.R.: The Last Romantic
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 182.

80.
T.R. to Bill Sewall (July 6, 1884), in Sewall,
Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 14.

81.
New York Tribune
(July 28, 1884).

82.
T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, Chimney Butte Ranch (August 12, 1884).

83.
Bill Sewall quoted in David McCullough,
Brave Companions: Portraits in History
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 62.

84.
Elers Koch, “Big Game in Montana from Early Historical Records,”
Journal of Wildlife Management
, Vol. 5, No. 4 (October 1941), pp. 357–369.

85.
Don G. Despain, “Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in Relation to Substrate and Climate,”
Ecological Monographs
, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1973), pp. 329–355.

86.
T. R. Bighorns Diary (August 21, 1884).

87.
Merrifield quoted in Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 67.

88.
T. R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman,
pp. 119–120.

89.
T. R.,
The Wilderness Hunter
(New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 146.

90.
T. R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, p. 294.

91.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, “Grizzly Bears” Files, Shepherdstown, W. Va. Special thanks to the Grizzly Bear Outreach Project for biological and behavioral information on grizzlies.

92.
T. R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, p. 313.

93.
Bessie Doak Haynes and Edgar Haynes,
The Grizzly Bear: Portraits of Life
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).

94.
T. R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, pp. 158–160.

95.
“The Occidental Hotel History,” Archive, Buffalo, Wyo. (June 2009).

96.
T. R., Bighorns Diary (September 18–19, 1884). Fort McKinney had been established in 1878, after the Indian wars had ceased.

97.
Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 487.

98.
Clark,
The Badlands
, p. 39.

99.
T. R. Bighorns Diary (October 1, 1884).

100.
Elizabeth Royte, “Night Moves,”

New York Times Book Review
(June 22, 2008), p. 9.

101.
T. R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 125.

7: C
RADLE OF
C
ONSERVATION
: T
HE
E
LKHORN
R
ANCH OF
N
ORTH
D
AKOTA

1.
Roderick Frazier Nash,
Wilderness and the American Mind
, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 152–153.

2.
New York Sun
(October 11, 1884). T.R. said that if it became “necessary” to make comments on Cleveland’s lapsed morals, he would “not hesitate to express them.”

3.
“Cleveland’s Electoral Vote,”
New York Times
(November 7, 1884), p. 1.

4.
T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (November 7, 1884).

5.
Jack London,
The Call of the Wild
(New York: Regent, 1903), p. 67.

6.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, p. 84.

7.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter
, p. 386; T.R. Private Diaries (November 1884); and Carleton Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years
(New York: Scribner, 1958), p. 508.

8.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, pp. 75–76.

9.
H. W. Brands,
T.R.: The Last Romantic
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 181. Also see T.R.,
An Autobiography
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 98. Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 287; Hermann Hagedorn,
Roosevelt in the Bad Lands
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1921).

10.
John Burroughs,
Locusts and Wild Honey
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 80.

11.
T.R.,
Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail
(New York: Century, 1888), p. 73.

12.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, pp. 223–224.

13.
Becky Lomax, “Tracking the Bighorns,”
Smithsonian
(March 2008), pp. 21–22.

14.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, pp. 226–227.

15.
Ibid., p. 113.

16.
T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (December 14, 1884).

17.
Paul Grondahl,
I Rose Like a Rocket: The Political Education of Theodore Roosevelt
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), pp. 158–159.

18.
T.R. to Bamie Roosevelt (April 29, 1885). Also see Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 300.

19.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, p. iii.

20.
Unlike most of T.R.’s books
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
wasn’t serialized; it was published first in book form. Over the years, however, it was frequently reprinted in various fashions. It appeared in
Big-Game Hunting
(1898) and as the first part of
Hunting Tales of the West
, a four-volume set (1907). Individual chapters have been reprinted in more than a dozen periodicals.

21.
T.R.,
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
, p. 19.

22.
Ibid., p. 140.

23.
Ibid., p. 147.

24.
Ibid., p. 140.

25.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter
(New York: Putnam, 1893, 1909), pp. 381–382.

26.
“The Game of the West,”
New York Times
(July 13, 1885), p. 3. (Review.) Also see
London Spectator
(January 16, 1886) and
New York Tribune
(September 7, 1885).

27.
T.R.,
The Wilderness Hunter
, p. xiii.

28.
Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 299.

29.
Quoted in John F. Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 115.

30.
Ibid., p. 116.

31.
George Bird Grinnell, “Introduction,” in
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
, Memorial ed., Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1923), p. xv.

32.
Michael Punke,
Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell and the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 164–167.

33.
Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvi.

34.
“Dr. G. B. Grinnell, Naturalist, Dead,”
New York Times
(April 12, 1938), p. 23.

35.
John F. Reiger,
The Passing of the Great West: Selected Papers of George Bird Grinnell,
updated ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), pp. 6–7.

36.
George Bird Grinnell, “Recollections of Audubon Park,”
Auk
, Vol. 37 (July 1920). See also Witmer Stone (ed.),
The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology
, Vol. 37 (Lancaster, Pa.: American Ornithologists Union, 1920), p. 373.

37.
Richard Rhodes,
John James Audubon: The Making of An American
(New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 416.

38.
George Bird Grinnell, “Memoirs” (unpublished). Written between November 26, 1915, and December 4, 1915, these memoirs recount his life to 1883. They are housed at Birdcraft Museum of the Connecticut Audubon Society, Fairfield. (Thanks to John F. Reiger for bringing this to my attention.)

39.
Maria R. Audubon (ed.),
Audubon and His Journals
(New York: Scribner, 1897), p. 107.

40.
Ibid., p. 131.

41.
Grinnell, “Memoirs,” p. 37.

42.
George B. Ward and Richard E. McCabe, “Trail Blazers in Conservation: The Boone and Crockett Club’s First Century,” in
Records of North American Big Game
, 4th ed. (New York: Scribner, 1980), p. 9.

43.
See George Bird Grinnell,
American Duck Shooting
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1901); George Bird Grinnell,
American Game-Bird Shooting
(New York: Forest and Stream, 1910).

44.
“True Indians Stories,”
New York Times
(March 27, 1893), p. 3.

45.
Reiger,
The Passing of the Great West
, p. 2.

46.
Margaret Mead and Ruth Bunzel,
The Golden Age of American Anthropology
(New York: George Braziller, 1960), pp. 113–114.

47.
George Bird Grinnell,
By Cheyenne Campfires
(Hartford, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926).

48.
Mari Sandoz (ed.),
The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life
(New York: Buffalo-Head Press, 1962), p. v.

49.
Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvii.

50.
Reiger,
The Passing of the Great West
, p. 3.

51.
Mike Thompson,
The Travels and Tribulations of Theodore Roosevelt’s Cabin
(San Angelo, Tex.: Laughing Horse Enterprises, 2004), pp. 22–25.

52.
T.R.,
Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail
, p. 25.

53.
Donald Dresden,
The Marquis de Mores: Emperor of the Badlands
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. 111–112.

54.
Sylvia Jukes Morris,
Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady
(New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 79.

55.
Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, pp. 319–320.

56.
“Literary Notes,”
New York Times
(September 20, 1886), p. 10.

57.
T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (March 20, 1885).

58.
Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 329.

59.
Ibid., p. 330.

60.
T.R. to Bamie (June 19, 1886).

61.
T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (May 15, 1886).

62.
“Review of
The Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” Zion’s Herald
(February 16, 1887) Vol. 64, Issue 7. Also see James Freeman Clarke, “Benton and his Times”
The Independent
, December 15, 1887, Vol. 39, Issue 2037.

63.
T.R.,
Thomas Hart Benton
(Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), p. 225.

64.
Ibid., p. 268.

65.
Lowell E. Baier, “The Cradle of Conservation: Theodore Roosevelt’s Elkhorn Ranch, an Icon of America’s National Identity,”
Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal,
Vol. 28, No. 1 (2007), pp. 15–22.

66.
Hagedorn,
Roosevelt in the Bad Lands
, pp. 407–411.

67.
All six articles for
Outing
were collected under the title
Ranch Life and Game-ing in the West
in
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt
(Memorial ed., Vol. 1).

68.
A. R. Crook, “Misrepresentation of Nature in Popular Magazines,”
Science
, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 593 (May 11, 1906), p. 748.

69.
Ben Merchant Vorpahl,
Frederic Remington and the West: With the Eye of the Mind
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 51.

70.
T.R., “Water-Fowl and Prairie Fowl,”
Outing
(August 1886).

71.
T.R., “The Ranch,”
Outing
(March 1886).

72.
T.R., “A Tame White Goat,”
Harper’s Round Table
(July 27, 1897). This essay was later reprinted in an omnibus of T.R.’s
Harper’s Round Table
articles:
Good Hunting in Pursuit of Big Game in the West
(New York: Harper, 1907). The book was published while T.R. was president.

73.
Hagedorn,
Roosevelt in the Bad Lands,
pp. 419–420.

74.
Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xxi.

75.
Putnam,
Theodore Roosevelt
, pp. 590–591.

76.
Lincoln Lang,
Ranching with Roosevelt
(Philadelphia and London: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 241–243.

77.
Brands,
T.R.,
p. 208.