The War Against Boys (34 page)

82.
 Office for Civil Rights and US Department of Education,
Gender Equity in Education: A Data Snapshot,
June 2012,
www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/gender-equity-in-education.pdf
(accessed January 22, 2013).

83.
 College Board,
Program Summary Report 2012
,
http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/program_summary_report_2012.pdf
(accessed January 22, 2013).

84.
 Christopher Cornwell et al., “Non-cognitive Skills and the Gender Disparities in Test Scores and Teacher Assessments: Evidence from Primary School,”
Journal of Social Resources
(Winter 2013), pp. 236–264.

85.
 Matt Weeks, “New UGA Research Helps Explain Why Girls Do Better in Schools,”
UGA Today
, January 2, 2013,
http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/why-girls-do-better-in-school-010212/
(accessed January 22, 2013).

2.
No Country for Young Men

1.
 Amanda Rose et al., “How Girls and Boys Expect Disclosure About Problems Will Make Them Feel: Implications for Friendships,”
Child Development
, February 2012, pp. 844–866.

2.
 See, for example, Carrie Stetler, “ ‘Tug of War' now ‘Tug of Peace,' ” June 12, 2008,
http://blog.nj.com/parentalguidance/2008/06/tugopeace.html
(accessed June 20, 2012). Additional examples of students playing “tug of peace” are found at Avon Elementary School in Albany, MN:
http://www.albany.k12.mn.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PS7Sr0Jb9-s%3D&tabid=541&mid=2790&language=en-US
; Frost Valley YMCA Summer Camp in Claryville, NY:
http://fvsummercamp.wordpress.com/2008/12/29/tug-of-peace/
; Friends School of Portland in Falmouth, ME:
http://friendsschoolofportland.org/photos/tug-peace
; and Connelly School of the Holy Child
in Potomac, MD:
http://www.holychild.org/HAPPENINGS_FEBRUARY152012
(all accessed January 24, 2013).

3.
 Janet Cromley, “Tag, You're Out!,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 6, 2006,
http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/06/health/he-tag6
(accessed June 20, 2012).

4.
 Martin Miller, “Principal Says the Game of Tag Lowers Students' Self-esteem,”
Chicago Tribune
, June 26, 2002,
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-06-26/features/0206260054_1_tag-self-esteem-chase-games
(accessed July 11, 2012).

5.
 Sandy Coleman, “Dodgeball Sparks Debate in Schools,”
Dayton Daily News
, April 3, 2001.

6.
 Thomas Murphy, physical education teacher at Tobin Elementary School, in ibid.

7.
 Paul Zientarski, department chairman for Naperville Central High School, in Karen Brandon, “Foul Ball: Childhood Game Picking Up More Enemies; Some PE Teachers Say Dodgeball Sends Harmful Message,”
Chicago Tribune
, March 18, 2001, sec. C, p. 1.

8.
 Neil F. Williams, “The Physical Education Hall of Shame,”
Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
65, no. 2, (February 1994), pp. 57–60.

9.
 For a review of the literature, see A. D. Pellegrini and Peter K. Smith, “Physical Activity Play: The Nature and Function of a Neglected Aspect of Play,”
Child Development
69, no. 3 (June 1998), pp. 577–598.

10.
 Eleanor Emmons Maccoby and Carl Nagy Jacklin,
The Psychology of Sex Differences
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1974), p. 352. Janet Lever, “Sex Differences in the Games Children Play,”
Social Problems
23 (1967), pp. 478–487. See also Deborah Tannen,
You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
(New York: Ballantine, 1990), pp. 43–47.

11.
 Deborah Tannen, op. cit., p. 47.

12.
 Anthony Pellegrini and Jane Perlmutter, “Rough-and-Tumble Play on the Elementary School Playground,”
Young Children
, January 1998, pp. 14–17.

13.
 Ibid., p. 15.

14.
 Ibid.

15.
 Mary Ellin Logue and Hattie Harvey, “Preschool Teachers' Views of Active Play,”
Journal of Research in Childhood Education
24, no. 1 (December 2009), p. 35.

16.
 Ibid., p. 35.

17.
 Ibid., p. 45.

18.
 Ibid., p. 42.

19.
 Walter S. Gilliam, “Prekindergarteners Left Behind: Expulsion Rates in State Prekindergarten Systems,”
Foundation for Child Development Policy Brief Series
no. 3 (May 2005).

20.
 Logue and Harvey, “Preschool Teachers' View of Active Play,” p. 43.

21.
 Mary Ellin Logue and Hattie Shelton, “The Stories Bad Guys Tell: Promoting Literacy and Social Awareness in Preschool,”
The Constructivist
, National Journal for the Association of Constructivist Teaching, September 2008. Also see Jane Klatch,
Under Deadman's Skin
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).

22.
 Logue and Harvey, “Preschool Teachers' View of Active Play,” p. 35.

23.
 Megan Rosenfeld, “Reexamining the Plight of Young Males,”
Washington Post,
March 26, 1998, p. A1.

24.
 Ibid.

25.
 “The War on Boys,” National Desk, PBS, April 9, 1999.

26.
 “Daily School Recess Improves Classroom Behavior,” sciencedaily.com, January 26, 2009,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090126173835.htm
(accessed June 20, 2012).

27.
 Dirk Johnson, “Many Schools Putting an End to Child's Play,”
New York Times
, April 7, 1998,
www.nytimes.com/1998/04/07/us/many-schools-putting-an-end-to-child-s-play.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
(accessed June 20, 2012).

28.
 Ibid.

29.
 A. D. Pellegrini, Patti David Huberty, and Ithel Jones, “The Effects of Recess Timing on Children's Playground and Classroom Behaviors,”
American Educational Research Journal
32, no. 4 (Winter 1995), pp. 845–864.

30.
 Gopal K. Singh and Michael D. Kogan, “Childhood Obesity in the United States, 1976–2008,” US Department of Health and Human Services,
www.hrsa.gov/healthit/images/mchb_obesity_pub.pdf
(accessed June 20, 2012); and Cynthia L. Ogden et al., “Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010,” US Department of Health and Human Services,
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf
(accessed June 20, 2012).

31.
 Carlin DeGuerin Miller, “Two-Inch Lego Gun Gets 4th-Grader Patrick Timoney in Trouble; Where's the NRA?,” cbsnews.com, February 4, 2010,
www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-6173526-504083.html
(accessed June 20, 2012).

32.
 Andy Cordan, “Boy Disciplined After Waving a Gun-shaped Pizza Slice,” wkrn.com, December 14, 2011,
www.wkrn.com/story/16325409/gun-shaped-pizza-slice
(accessed June 20, 2012); Kathryn Sotnik, “Coventry School Bans Army Men Hat,” wpri.com, June 17, 2010,
www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/coventry-school-bans-army-men-hat
(accessed June 20, 2012); Ian Urbina, “Boy's Camping Utensil Violates ‘Zero Tolerance,' ”
New York Times
, October 12, 2009,
www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/10/11/MNM21A4B2T.DTL
(accessed September 20, 2012).

33.
 “Boy Suspended Over Utensil Gets Reprieve,” today.com, October 14, 2009,
http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33289924/ns/today-today_news/t/boy-suspended-over-utensil-gets-reprieve/#.T9uACHngf5w
(accessed September 20, 2012).

34.
 Department of Education,
Condition of Education
, 2009, p. 206. See also Steven Teske, “A Study of Zero Tolerance Polices in Schools: A Multi-Integrated Systems Approach to Improve Outcomes for Adolescents,”
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
24 (2011), p. 89.

35.
 National Center for Education Statistics,
Youth Indicators 2011
, December 2011, p. 38.

36.
 James Comer and Alvin Poussaint,
Raising Black Children
(New York: Plume Books, 1992), pp. 197–198.

37.
 Marianne Bertrand and Jessica Pan, “The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 17541, October 2011,
www.nber.org/papers/w17541
(accessed August 20, 2012).

38.
 Ibid., p. 2.

39.
 Carolyn Evertson and Carol Weinstein, eds.,
Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice and Contemporary Issues
(Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2006), pp. 1068–1069.

40.
 Zero Tolerance Task Force, “Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools?,”
American Psychologist
(December 2008), p. 856,
www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/zero-tolerance-report.pdf
(accessed September 20, 2012).

41.
 Crime Lab, University of Chicago, “BAM—Sports Edition,” July 2012,
https://crimelab.uchicago.edu/sites/crimelab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/BAM_FINAL%20Research%20and%20Policy%20Brief_20120711.pdf
. (accessed January 22, 2013).

42.
 Zero Tolerance Task Force, “Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools?”

43.
 Ibid., p. 54. See also Linda Raffaele Mendez, “Predictors of Suspension and Negative School Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study,”
New Directions for Youth Development
99 (Fall 2003), pp. 17–33.

44.
 Zero Tolerance Task Force, “Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective?,” p. 853.

45.
 Ibid.

46.
 Richard Zoglin, Sam Allis, and Ratu Kamlani, “Now for the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb,”
Time
, January 15, 1996.

47.
 James Q. Wilson, “Crime and Public Policy,” in James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia, eds.,
Crime
(San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 2005), pp. 489–507.

48.
 John J. DiIulilo Jr., “The Coming of the Super-Predators,”
Weekly Standard
1, no. 11, November 27, 1995.

49.
 John J. DiIulio Jr.,
How to Stop the Coming Crime Wave
(New York: Manhattan Institute, 1996), p. 1.

50.
 William J. Bennett, John J. DiIulio Jr., and John P. Walters,
Body Count: Moral Poverty . . . and How to Win America's War Against Crime and Drugs
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 26–27.

51.
 Dewey Cornell,
School Violence: Fears Versus Facts
(Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2006), p. 16.

52.
 Sarah Glazer, “Boys' Emotional Needs: Is Growing Up Tougher for Boys Than for Girls?,”
Congressional Quarterly Researcher
, June 18, 1999, p. 521.

53.
 Ibid., p. 523.

54.
 Charles Puzzanchera and Benjamin Adams, “Juvenile Arrests 2009,” US Department of Justice, December 2011,
www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/236477.pdf
(accessed June 20, 2012).

55.
 Ibid., pp. 9–11.

56.
 Richard Redding and Barbara Mrozoski, “Adjudicatory and Dispositional Decision Making in Juvenile Justice,” in Kirk Heilbrun et al., eds.,
Juvenile Delinquency: Prevention, Assessment and Intervention
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 17–33.

57.
 Zero Tolerance Task Force, “Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective?,” p. 853.

58.
 Simone Robers, Jijun Zhang, and Jennifer Truman, “Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011,” National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice, 2012, p. iv.

59.
 Cornell,
School Violence: Fears Versus Facts
, p. 30.

60.
 See National Center for Education Statistics,
Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011
, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, February 2012, p. 96.
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2011/tables/table_02_1.asp
(accessed January 23, 2013). See also National School Safety and Security Services, “School Associated Violent Deaths and School Shootings,”
http://www.schoolsecurity.org/trends/school_violence.html
(accessed January 23, 2013).

61.
 Lydia Saad, “Parents' Fear for Children's Safety at School Rises Slightly,”
Gallup Politics,
December 28, 2012,
www.gallup.com/poll/159584/parents-fear-children-safety-school-rises-slightly.aspx
(accessed January 23, 2013).

62.
 Elizabeth Becker, “As Ex-Theorist on Young ‘Superpredators,' Bush Aide Has Regrets,”
New York Times
, February 9, 2001,
www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/us/as-ex-theorist-on-young-superpredators-bush-aide-has-regrets.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
(accessed September 20, 2012).

63.
 Cornell,
School Violence,
p. 15.

64.
 Becker, “As Ex-Theorist on Young ‘Superpredators,' Bush Aide Has Regrets.”

65.
 Barry O'Neill, “The History of a Hoax,”
New York Times Magazine
, March 6, 1994.

66.
 Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, “Center for Gender Equity Makes Some More Equal Than Others,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 27, 2005,
www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Center-for-Gender-Equity-makes-some-more-equal-2638931.php
(accessed June 20, 2012).

67.
 Ms. Foundation,
Youth, Gender and Violence: Building a Movement for Gender Justice
, Ms. Foundation for Women Symposium Report, September 2008, p. 3.