The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam (57 page)

20
. G. J. Toomer,
Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 111–26.

21
. Authorship of the 1649 translation remains contested, with arguments for and against a variety of candidates: Alexander Ross, Thomas Ross or Hugh Ross. See Noel Malcolm, “The 1649 English Translation of the Koran: Its Origins and Significance,”
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
75 (2012), pp. 261–95; Mordechai Feingold, “‘The Turkish Alcoran’: New Light on the 1649 English Translation of the Koran,”
Huntington Library Quarterly
75, no. 4 (2012), pp. 475–501.

Illustration Credits

Illustrations in the Text

1
: Caricature of Luther with seven heads, title page of Johann Cochlaeus,
Septiceps Lutherus,
1529. Photograph: Lebrecht Collection/Alamy

2
: A silver Geuzen coined during the Dutch Revolt, 1574. Photograph: Kees38

3
: Henry VIII using Pope Clement VII as a footstool, illustration from John Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
1583. Photograph: Pictorial Press/Alamy

Insert

1
: Anon., portrait of Abd al-Wahid bin Muhammad al-Annuri, c
.
1600. The University of Birmingham Research and Cultural Collections. Photograph: copyright © University of Birmingham

2
: Workshop of Willem de Pannemaker, tapestry 10 from the series
The Conquest of Tunis,
1548–1554, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid. Photograph: akg-images

3
: Follower of Antonis Mor, portrait of Philip II of Spain and Mary Tudor, 1558. Trustees of the Bedford Estate, Woburn Abbey. Photograph: Bridgeman Images

4
: Isaac Oliver, portrait of Elizabeth I (the “Rainbow Portrait”), c. 1600. Hatfield House, Hertfordshire. Photograph: Bridgeman Images

5
: Diogo Homem, map of the Mediterranean, from the Queen Mary Atlas, 1558. British Library, London (Add. Ms. 5415A, ff. 11v–12). Photograph: Bridgeman Images

6
: Cristóvão de Morais (attrib.), portrait of Sebastian I of Portugal. Royal Collection Trust, copyright © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015. Photograph: Bridgeman Images

7
: Detail of a view of the El Badi Palace in Marrakesh, engraving by Adriaen Matham from
Palatium magni. Regis Maroci in Barbaria,
1641. Copyright © Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

8
: Hans Eworth,
Süleyman the Magnificent on Horseback,
1549. Private Collection

9
: Ahmed Feridun Pasha, miniature painting of Selim enthroned, 1568. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul. Photograph: Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images

10
: Portrait of Samson Rowlie, from a German traveler’s picture book, c. 1588. Courtesy of The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Ms. Bodl. Or. 430, f. 47)

11
: Needlework showing a personification of Faith and Muhammad, English school, sixteenth century. Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire. Photograph: Bridgeman Images

12
: Miniature painting of Sultan Murad III, from
Kiyafet ül-insaniye,
Ottoman school, 1588–1589. British Library, London (Add. 7880, f.63v). Photograph: Bridgeman Images

13
: Letter from Sultan Murad III to Queen Elizabeth I dated June 20, 1590. Copyright © The National Archives, Kew (SP 102/61, fols. 23–24)

14
: Nicholas Hilliard, the “Heneage Jewel,” c
.
1595. Copyright © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

15
(left): Aegidius Sadeler, portrait of Sir Anthony Sherley, c
.
1600. Photograph: Bridgeman Images

16
(right): Aegidius Sadeler, portrait of Husain Ali Beg Bayat
,
c
.
1600. Copyright © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

17
(left): Sir Anthony Van Dyck, portrait of Sir Robert Sherley, 1622. Petworth House, West Sussex. Photograph: National Trust Photographic Library/Derrick E. Witty/Bridgeman Images

18
(right): Sir Anthony Van Dyck, portrait of Lady Teresa Sherley, 1622. Petworth House, West Sussex. Photograph: National Trust Photographic Library/Roy Fox/Bridgeman Images

19
: Mughal school, miniature painting of Shah Abbas I holding a hawk, seventeenth century. Copyright © Trustees of the British Museum, London

20
: Venetian school, view of Constantinople, seventeenth century. Photograph: De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images

21
: English school,
The Somerset House Conference,
1604. National Portrait Gallery, London. Photograph: Stefano Baldini/Bridgeman Images

Index

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.

Page numbers in
italics
refer to images.

Aaron the Moor (fict.), 189–93, 199

Abbas I, Shah, 10, 227, 237–45, 246, 252, 292

Abbasid dynasty, 37

Abdullah Kahn II, Shah, 34, 42

Abraham, 19, 20–21, 37

Abu Bakr, Caliph, 38, 49

Accession Day festivities, 266–69

Achaemenid Empire, 45–46

Act of Usury (1571), 110–11

Adams, Thomas, 298

Admiral’s Men, 155

Africa, trade with, 30

Ahmed I, Ottoman sultan, 291

Akbar the Great, 119, 247

Al-Andalus,
see
Spain

Alençon, Duke of, 93

Aleppo, English trade in, 35, 287

Alexander the Great, 47, 48, 213

Ali Pasha, Qilich, 95, 100, 117, 138–39, 142

Al Khidr, 213–14

Alleyn, Edward, 6

Almoravid dynasty, 126

Al-Mutawakkil, Abu Abdallah Muhammad II, 66–67, 70, 75, 78

Annuri, Muhammad al-, 6, 259–71, 282, 290

Anthropophagi (mythical race), 241

António, Don:

and al-Mansur, 125, 129, 147, 149, 150, 153–54, 169

and Battle of Alcântara, 80

claim to Portuguese throne, 80–81, 125, 129, 146, 149, 153–54, 167–68, 169

death of, 247

and Portugal Expedition, 153–54, 167–68

and Roberts, 125, 129

“Arab,” use of term, 20

Arabic language, English studies of, 298

Ardabili, Safi ad-din, 36

Ascension
(ship), 185

Aylmer, John, 111–12

Azores, English expedition against, 231

Azouz, al-Caid, 257–58

Bacon, Anthony, 247–48

Bacon, Sir Francis, 183–84, 197, 217, 247, 256

Bahanet, Al-Hage, 259

Baker, Peter, 98–102, 103

Barbarossa (Kheir ed-Din), 17, 139

Barbary:

Moors from, 55, 56

origins of word, 56

and Spain, 56, 57, 153

trade battles, 56–58

trade with, 67, 68, 70, 104, 115–16, 120–21, 265

Barbary Company, 130–31

and al-Annuri, 260, 269

charter of, 121, 201

dissolution of, 201

and
Dolphin,
130

founding of, 7, 121, 151

and Harborne, 121

and Leicester, 121, 123, 125, 131

and Moroccan trade, 121, 125, 131, 152, 201, 260

as regulated company, 121, 201

and Roberts, 125, 128, 130, 155

as unprofitable, 204

Bark Roe,
98–102, 103, 104, 105, 118, 123, 129, 175

Barton, Edward, 117, 146, 181–82, 185, 202–4, 217, 219, 223

Battle of Alcântara, 80

Battle of Ankara, 156

Battle of Chaldiran, 39, 48

Battle of El-Ksar el-Kebir (Alcácer-Quibir; Three Kings; Wad el-Mekhazen), 77–79, 80, 84, 103, 114, 126, 148, 150, 167, 168

Battle of Karbala, 37

Battle of Lepanto, 64–65, 72, 76, 80, 146, 289

Battle of Mühlberg, 27

Battle of Rabat-i-Pariyan, 238

Bayat, Husain Ali Beg, 245

Bayezid, son of Süleyman, 51–52

Becon, Thomas, 9

Beg, Ali, 245–46, 249, 250, 252, 254

Beg, Marjan, 238

Beg, Mustafa, 84, 89, 91–94, 102, 136–37

Beg, Uruch, 245, 254

Bess of Hardwick (Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury), 206–8

Bibliander, Theodore, 22

Bilqasim, Ahmad, 150, 152–55, 163, 167–68

Blanke, Thomas, 111

Bocaccio, Giovanni,
Decameron,
276, 277

Bodin, Jean, 9

Boissie, M. de, 266

Boleyn, Anne, 15

Book of Common Prayer, 34

Buccio, Pietro, 65

Bukhara, Jenkinson in, 34, 42–43

Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 92, 196

aging of, 217, 232

and Anglo-Ottoman trade, 65, 101, 203

and Barton, 185, 203

death of, 217

and Elizabeth’s foreign policy, 57, 65, 181

and Harborne, 100, 113

intelligence networks of, 162

and Moroccan trade, 66, 67, 68, 71, 103

and Portugal, 65, 66

Robert Cecil as son of, 217

and Sherley, 232, 234

Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 214

Cabeça, Abraham, 58

Cabeça, Isaac, 58–59, 129–30, 200

Cabot, Sebastian, 29–30, 34, 40

Calvin, John,
Institutes of the Christian Religion,
213

Camden, William, 76, 197

Campeggio, Cardinal Lorenzo, 25

Capello, Girolamo, 219–20

Capitulations, Franco-Ottoman, 62, 64, 74, 95, 97, 99, 101, 111–12, 113, 122–23, 183, 217, 222–23

Cardenas, John de (“Ciprian”), 168–70

Carew, George, 33

Carr, Ralph,
The Mahumetane or Turkish History,
271–72

Caspian Sea, 41, 42, 43, 47

Cassière, Jean de la, 101

Cathay (China), 29–30, 31, 41, 43, 119

Catherine of Aragon, 13

Catholic League (France), 181, 182

Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, 217, 248–49, 255, 258, 259–60, 267, 268, 270, 288–89

Cefalotto, Msgr. Federico, 99, 101

Chamberlain, John, 218, 235, 264–65

Chancellor, Richard, 30, 34, 40, 58

Charles I, King of England, 292

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 9, 13, 26, 94

abdication of, 31

and Diet of Augsburg, 25, 27

and marriage of Philip and Mary, 14–16

military expedition to Tunis, 16–18, 27, 32

Chieregato, Francesco, 24–25

China (Cathay), 29–30, 31, 41, 43, 119

Chinano, and conversion, 133–38, 139, 282

Christianity:

apologetics (defenses) of, 20