The Strength of the Wolf (84 page)

  
1
  Maurice Helbrant,
Narcotic Agent
(New York: The Vanguard Press, 1941), 273–81.

  
2
  Ibid., 275.

  
3
  William O. Walker III,
Drug Control in the Americas
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981), 143.

  
4
  Douglas Clark Kinder and William O. Walker III, “Stable Force in a Storm: Harry J. Anslinger and United States Narcotic Policy, 1930–1962,”
The Journal of American History
, vol. 72, no. 4, March 1986, 919 n. 33.

  
5
  Peter Dale Scott,
Deep Politics and the Death of JFK
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 103.

  
6
  Walker,
Drug Control
, 147–50.

  
7
  Marshall, “Gangsterism,” 28.

  
8
  Kinder and Walker, “Stable Force,” 916.

  
9
  Parssinen, chapter 10, 4.

10
  Marshall, “Gangsterism,” 29.

11
  Walker,
Opium and Foreign Policy
, 78.

12
  Marshall, “Gangsterism,” 28.

13
  Ibid., 28.

14
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 95.

15
  John C. McWilliams and Alan A. Block, “All the Commissioner's Men: The Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the Dewey–Luciano Affair, 1947–1954,”
Intelligence and National Security
(London: Frank Cass, 1990), 174–84.

16
  John H. Davis,
Mafia Kingfish: Carlos Marcello and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy
(New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1989), 45.

17
  Anslinger,
The Protectors
, 119.

18
  Melvin L. Hanks,
NARC: The Adventures of a Federal Agent
(New York: Hastings House, 1973), 125–44.

19
  Rodney Campbell,
The Luciano Project; The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the US Navy
(New York: McGraw Hill, 1977), 173–81.

20
  Ibid., 139–40.

21
  Richard Harris Smith,
OSS: The Secret History Of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
(Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981), 105.

22
  Scamporino report, Palermo, Sicily, from: Exp. Det. G-3, Sicily, to: Exp. Det. G-3, Algiers, 13 August 1943. Scamporino documents provided by his son.

23
  
Alfred W. McCoy,
The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade
(Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991), 35.

24
  Smith,
OSS
, 85.

25
  Ibid., 86.

26
  Ostrow, “Violent Action.”

27
  Serge Peter Karlow,
The War Report
,
Office of Strategic Services
(Washington, GPO, July 1949), 195.

28
  Smith,
OSS
, 124.

29
  Portions of George White's diary were provided by Alan Block, other portions were obtained from the CIA through three Freedom of Information Act requests (F-1993-02381, F-1998-01108, and F-1998-01939) filed by the author: all will hereafter be collectively referred to as White's Diary.

30
  Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain,
Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD, the Sixties, and Beyond
(New York: Grove Press, 1992), 3–4. Alan W. Scheflin and Edward M. Opton Jr.,
The Mind Manipulators
(New York and London: Paddington Press Ltd, 1978), 135.

31
  Alain Jaubert,
Dossier D … comme Drogue
(Paris: Editions Alain Moreau, 1973), 37–40.

32
  John Marks,
The Search for the Manchurian Candidate
(New York: Times Books, 1979), 7.

33
  Interview with Howard Chappell.

34
  William Peers and Dean Brellis,
Behind the Burma Road
(Boston: Little Brown, 1963), 64.

35
  Milton Miles,
A Different Kind of War
(New York: Doubleday, 1967), 194.

36
  Martin A. Gosch and Richard Hammer,
The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano
(New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), 272–4.

37
  Charlie Siragusa with Robert Wiedrich,
On the Trail of the Poppy: Behind the Mask of the Mafia
(New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1966), 58.

38
  Alan Block, “European Drug Trafficking & Traffickers Between the Wars: The Policy of Suppression and Its Consequences,”
Journal of Social History
, vol. 23, no. 2 (winter 1989), 151–60.

39
  Ibid., 159.

  
1
  Anslinger,
The Protectors
, 75.

  
2
  Kinder and Walker, “Stable Force,” 920.

  
3
  
Ibid., 921.

  
4
  Gon Sam Mue with W. J. Slocum, “They Haven't Killed Me Yet,”
Saturday Evening Post
, 23 August 1952, 118.

  
5
  
Washington Times Herald
, 3 November 1945, 1; 5 November, 1.

  
6
  Alan A. Block, “Fascism and Organized Crime,”
Space, Time & Organized Crime
, (New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 147–56.

  
7
  After leaving the Justice Department, Cohn would defend Carmine Galante in a narcotics case and later go into business with Joe Bonanno.

  
8
  Block,
Space, Time and Organized Crime
, 150.

  
9
  Jim Hogshire,
Grossed-Out Surgeon Vomits inside Patient: An Insider's Look at Supermarket Tabloids
(Venice, California: Feral House, 1977), 95–107.

10
  White's Diary.

11
  Ed Reid,
Mafia
(New York: Signet Books, 1954), 96.

12
  Ostrow, “Violent Action.”

13
  Reid,
Mafia
, 89.

14
  Douglas Clark Kinder, “Bureaucratic Cold Warrior: Harry J. Anslinger and Illicit Narcotics Traffic,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 1981, American Historical Association, 179–80.

15
  Reid,
Mafia
, 41.

16
  Cook,
The Secret Rulers
, 160–79, 233.

17
  Helbrant,
Narcotic Agent
, 310.

18
  Anslinger,
The Protectors
, 85.

19
  Ibid., 22.

20
  Among the notable Black agents who preceded Davis were Wade McCree, Johnny Boxill, Josh Taylor, Jimmy Fletcher, and Bill Jackson, who was poisoned in South Carolina. Notable Black agents who followed Davis included Malcolm P., Richards, Marshall Latta, Charles McDonnell, Norris “Norey” Durham, William H. Turnbou, Earl Graves, Robert Brown, and William Newkirk.

21
  Kinder, “Bureaucratic Cold Warrior,” 176.

  
1
  Williams report to Anslinger, “Charles Luciano @ Lucky International List # 198,” 28 March 1947.

  
2
  Olivera report to Williams, “Salvatore (Lucky) Luciano et al.,” 21 March 1947.

  
3
  Oyler's undated report to Anslinger, “China Theater Mission.”

  
4
  Oyler's undated report to Anslinger, “Highlights and Sky Lights.”

  
5
  
John C. McWilliams, “Seeing Red: Harry J. Anslinger and the Politics of Drugs in the China Question, 1949–1971,” unpublished paper, 33 n. 6.

  
6
  Walker,
Opium and Foreign Policy
, 17, 85.

  
7
  Ibid., 79.

  
8
  Ross Y. Koen,
The China Lobby in American Politics
(New York: The MacMillan Company, 1960), 228.

  
9
  Smith,
OSS
, 277–8.

10
  Burton Hersh,
The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), 444. Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer in
Washington Confidential
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1951), 29, say it was “politic” for the FBN to deny “leakage” from diplomats.

11
  Anslinger,
The Murderers
, 54.

12
  Ed Reid,
The Mistress and the Mafia: The Virginia Hill Story
(New York: Bantam Books, 1972), 42.

13
  Ibid., 90.

14
  Ibid., 90.

15
  Ibid., 123.

16
  Richard Mahoney,
Sons & Brothers: The Days of Jack and Bobby Kennedy
(New York: Arcade Publishing, 1999), 269.

17
  Reid,
Mistress
, 129.

18
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 8.

19
  Kinder and Walker, “Stable Force,” 923.

20
  Terry A. Talent's report to Anslinger, November 1946.

21
  DeLagrave report cited in White's Diary.

22
  Reid,
Mistress
, 74.

23
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 142.

24
  Ray Richards, “Lucky Luciano Heads Mafia's World Gang,”
Detroit Times
, 25 February 1947, 1.

25
  Scheflin and Opton,
The Mind Manipulators
, 497 n. 145.

26
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 175.

27
  Davis,
Mafia Kingfish
, 32.

28
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 99.

29
  Hersh,
The Old Boys
, 229.

30
  Scott,
Deep Politics
, 174.

31
  Gaia Servadio,
Mafiosa: A History of the Mafia from its Origins to the Present Day
(London: Secker & Warburg, 1976), 70.

32
  Michael Stern,
No Innocents Abroad
(New York: Random House, Inc., 1953), 101–5.

33
  
Evan Thomas,
The Very Best Men
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 47.

34
  Ibid., 49.

35
  Hersh,
Old Boys
, 300.

36
  Bruce Cumings,
The Origins of the Korean War
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981, 1990), 133.

37
  Ibid., 361.

38
  Ibid., 512.

39
  Williams reports, 10 June 1948, 21 January and 1 February 1949, Box 6 File 4, Anslinger Papers at Labor Archives and Historical Collections, Pattee Library, Penn State University.

40
  Michael Straight, “Corruption and Chiang Kai-shek,”
The New Republic
, 8 October 1951, 10.

41
  Marshall, “Gangsterism,” 22.

42
  Lait and Mortimer,
Washington Confidential
, 108.

43
  Carl Baldwin, book review of
The Murderers, St. Louis Post Dispatch
, 7 January 1963, provided by Paul D. Newey.

44
  Lait,
Washington Confidential
, 107–8.

45
  Ibid., 110.

46
  Straight, “Corruption and Chiang Kai-shek,” 12.

  
1
  William Burroughs,
Junky
(New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1977), 56–7.

  
2
  Cook,
The Secret Rulers
, 160.

  
3
  Jack Lait and Lee Mortimer,
USA Confidential
(New York: Crown Publishers, 1952), 29.

  
4
  Ed Reid,
The Shame of New York
(New York: Random House, 1953), 51, 63–78.

  
5
  Ibid., 195.

  
6
  William Howard Moore,
The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime, 1950–1952
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974).

  
7
  Moore,
Kefauver
, 115.

  
8
  Ibid., 125, 132–3, 182.

  
9
  Ibid., 124.

10
  Lait and Mortimer,
USA Confidential
, 323.

11
  Moore,
Kefauver
, 152.

12
  Reid,
Mafia
, 32.

13
  
Moore,
Kefauver
, 105.

14
  Ibid., 101.

15
  Lait and Mortimer,
USA Confidential
, 82–3.

16
  Moore,
Kefauver
, 125.

17
  Ibid., 195–9.

18
  Ibid., 188.

19
  
New York Times
, 2 May 1951, 17:1.

20
  
New York Times
, 28 September, 22:3.

21
  Lait and Mortimer,
USA Confidential
, 215.

22
  Cook,
Secret Rulers
, 275. Ryan hired Anslinger's private investigator, Ulius Amoss, to investigate Moretti's murder.

23
  Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair,
Whiteout: The CIA
,
Drugs and the Press
(New York: Verso, 1998), 152–4.

24
  Eleanora W. Schoenebaum, editor, Oral History Review of Oscar Ewing,
Political Profiles: The Truman Years
(Harry S. Truman Library, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1978).

25
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 146–7.

  
1
  Richards, “Lucky Luciano.”

  
2
  Ian Sayer and Douglas Botting,
Nazi Gold: The Biggest Robbery In History – A Real Life Thriller about the Theft of a Fabulous Treasure
(New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1984), 333–9.

  
3
  Ibid., 455–6.

  
4
  Ibid., 434.

  
5
  Charles B. Dyar, Narcotics Officer, Confidential Report to Branch Chief, Narcotics Situation in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 3 April 1948, provided by Ian Sayer.

  
6
  Guenther Reinhardt,
Crime without Punishment
(New York: Signet Book, 1953), 124–5.

  
7
  Walker,
Opium and Foreign Policy
, 207.

  
8
  Ibid., 177.

  
9
  
New York Times
, 5 June 1948, 4:7.

10
  Ostrow, “Violent Action.”

11
  Department of State incoming telegram from Marseilles to Secretary of State, No: 128, “For Commissioner of Narcotics Anslinger From White,” Control 7858, Rec'd June 22, 1948, 6:05 p.m.

12
  Henry Manfredi, Official Personnel Folders, US Office of Personnel
Management, St. Louis, Missouri. Anslinger letter commending Manfredi, 24 November 1948.

13
  White's Diary.

14
  Ostrow, “Violent Action.”

15
  Stern,
No Innocents Abroad
, 52.

16
  Ostrow, “Violent Action.”

17
  Jonnes,
Hep Cats
, 149.

18
  Williams reports, 10 June 1948, 21 January 1949 and 1 February 1949, Box 6 File 4, Anslinger Papers at Labor Archives and Historical Collections, Pattee Library, Penn State University.

19
  Hersh,
The Old Boys
, 330. According to Arnold Taylor in
American Diplomacy and the Narcotic Traffic 1900–1936
(Durham: Duke University Press, 1969), page 312, future CIA director Allen W. Dulles, as a foreign service officer in Constantinople in 1923, reported on Persia's refusal to abide by The Hague Convention. In December 1925 he met with Mrs. Elizabeth Wright (widow of Hamilton Wright, father of the Harrison Narcotic Act), Congressman Porter, and Frederic A. Delano (a member of the Federal Reserve Board) to discuss Persia's involvement in narcotics smuggling. Dulles certainly knew, as Taylor said in
American Diplomacy
, page 308, that “The wealthiest class in Persia [including the Shah] and many of the most influential clergy were opium producers and merchants.”

20
  Robert Daley,
An American Saga: Juan Trippe and his Pan Am Empire
(New York: Random House, 1980), 309, 338–56, 385, 392, 416, 426.

21
  Siragusa,
On the Trail
, 58–60.

22
  
New York Times
, 21 October 1948, 54:1.

23
  Lacey,
Little Man
, 174.

24
  Siragusa,
On the Trail
, 108.

25
  Interviews with Alan Block and Colonel Tulius Acampora.

26
  Siragusa,
On the Trail
, 130–42.

27
  
Project Pilot, Part III
, the product of an interagency study group comprised of representatives from the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Bureau of Customs, and the Central Intelligence Agency, as a worldwide reference guide to international narcotics trafficking, with an emphasis on the French connection, circa 1974, 10–21.

28
  Lafitte later revealed that Maurice Thabet, Lebanon's representative to the UN, was involved in the 1952 Orsini case and that Thabet's opium came from Macao. Edward Ranzal,
New York Times
, 7 February 1958.

29
  Anslinger,
Traffic in Narcotics
, 77.

30
  
New York Times
, 2 April, 1952, 8:4.

31
  
Scott,
Deep Politics
, 176.

32
  Jaubert,
Dossier D
, 46 n. 20.