THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES (139 page)

20
. Roberts, 202.

21
.Geoffrey Symcox,
War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism, 1618 – 1763
(Walker, 1974), 103 – 105.

22
. Roberts, 24.

23
. Quoted in Michael Roberts,
Gustavus Adolphus
(Longman, 1992), 29 – 30.

24
. Roberts, 31.

25
. Kennedy, 64 – 65, citing several works by Roberts (“What follows relies heavily upon the writings of Michael Roberts,…”), see vol 1.

26
. Howard,
War in European History
, 59.

27
. This account is taken from Roberts's superb
Gustavus Adolphus
.

28
. E. A. Beller, “The Thirty Years War,”
New Cambridge Modern History
, vol. 4 (ed. J. P. Cooper) (Cambridge, 1970), 354. Note that this is to be distinguished from “sovereignty.”

29
. Barbara Riebling, “Milton on Machiavelli: Representations of the State in ‘Paradise Lost,’”
Renaissance Quarterly
49 (1996): 573.

30
. Kalevi J. Holsti,
Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and the International Order, 1648 – 1989
(Cambridge University Press, 1991), 25.

31
. Ibid., 39.

32
. Bonney, 525.

33
. Quoted by Bonney, 531; see also Jacques B. Bossuet,
Politique tiréde des propres paroles de l'Ecriture sainte
, ed. LeBrun (Droz, 1967), 114.

34
. Supra, Chapter 5, n. 3.

35
. See James Anderson and Stuart Hall, “Absolutism and other Ancestors,” in
The Rise of the Modern State
, ed. James Anderson (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1986).

36
. Ibid.

37
. Howard,
War in European History
, 37.

38
. See John Theibault, “The Rhetoric of Death and Destruction in the Thirty Years' War,”
Journal of Social History
27 (Winter 1993): 272; Henry Kamen, “The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War,”
Past and Present
39 (1968): 44 – 61. Christopher Friedrichs,
The Thirty Years' War
, ed. Geoffrey Parker (Routledge, 1984), 208 – 215, compromises by estimating the percentage of population loss during the war at about midway between the horrific figures of Gunther Franz,
Der Dreissigjahrige Krieg und das Deutsche Volk
, 4th ed. (Fischer, 1979) and the skeptical conclusions of S. H. Steinberg,
The ‘Thirty Years War' and the Conflict for European Hegemony, 1600 – 1660
(Norton, 1967).

39
. Gordon A. Craig and Aleksander L. George,
Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time,
2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1990), 6.

40
. Watson, 195.

41
. Wedgwood, 526.

42
. See John Locke,
First Treatise on Civil Government
, undertaken to refute Filmer's
Patriarcha
.

43
. Kennedy, 75.

44
.
Oeuvres de Louis XIV
(1806 ed.) i, 14 – 18.

45
. Howard,
War in European History
, 63 – 64.

46
. William Doyle,
The Old European Order
, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1992), 265.

47
. Ibid., 164.

48
. Sir George Clark, “From the Nine Years War to the War of Spanish Succession,”
New Cambridge Modern History
, v. VI (ed. J. S. Bromley) (Cambridge, 1971), 384.

49
. Losskey,
New Cambridge Modern History
, v. VI, 191 – 192.

50
. Quoted in Andreas Osiander,
The State System of Europe, 1640 – 1990
(Oxford University Press, 1994), 93 – 94.

51
. Ibid., 94 – 95.

52
. Watson, 193, 204.

53
. Ibid., 198,211.

54
. Howard,
War in European History
, 56.

55
. Voltaire,
L'Histoire du regne de Louis XIV
Chapter
2
.

56
. Emmerich Vattel,
Le Droit des Gens
, Book III, Chapter 3, Sections 47 – 48.

57
. Quoted in Geoffrey Holmes and William A. Speck,
The Divided Society: Parties and Politics in England, 1694 – 1716
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967), 96.

58
. Quoted in Bernard Fay,
Louis XVI ou la fin d‘un monde
(Perrin, 1955), 148.

59.
New Cambridge Modern History
, v. V, 544.

60
. Ibid., 546.

61
. Ibid., 552.

62
. Ibid.

63
. Quoted in Craig and George, 20.

64
. R. R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War,” in
Makers of Modern Strategy
, ed. Paret, 99.

65
. See Hubert C. Johnson,
Frederick the Great and His Officials
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975).

66
. Keegan,
History of Warfare
.

67
. Ibid.

68
. Ibid., 99.

69
. Quoted in Palmer, 105.

70
. Indeed his tactical innovations prompted innovative responses to such an extent that even the Prussian oblique order, in Jeremy Black's words, “lost its novelty.” Jeremy Black, “The Seven Years' War,” in
The Reader's Companion to Military History,
ed. Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker (Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 423.

71
. By the eve of the French Revolution, Prussia included half a dozen small territories in western Germany that did not border Prussia herself.

72
. Frederick II, “Military Testament of 1768,” in
Die Werke Friedrichs des Grossen
, v. 6 (R. Hobbing, 1912 – 1914, 248; Montesquieu,
Oeuvres Complètes
, vol. 29 (Gallimard, 1951), 3; and Montesquieu, “Histoire de mon temps, preface of 1775,” in
Oeuvres Complètes
, v. 2 (Gallimard, 1951), xxxviii.

73
. Frederick II, “Politisches Testament von 1752,” in
Die Werke Friedrichs des Grossen
, v.7 (R. Hobbing, 1912 – 1914), 158. Quoted by Palmer, 105.

74
. Consider Palmer, 92 – 93, and Craig and George, 22 – 23.

75
. As Palmer has concluded, “The period from 1740 to 1815, opening with the accession of Frederick the Great as king of Prussia and closing with the dethronement of Napoleon as emperor of the French, saw both the perfection of the older style of warfare and the launching of a newer style which in many ways we still follow…. The seventeenth century, while enlarging armies beyond precedent, had advanced the principles of orderly administration and control. It had put a new emphasis on discipline… turned army leaders into public officials, and made armed force into the servant of government.” Palmer, 91.

76.
George, 22.

77
. Holsti, 90.

78
. Evan Luard,
War in International Society
(Tauris, 1986), 110. See also Evan Luard,
Conflict and Peace in the Modern International System: A Study of the Principles of International Order
(SUNY Press, 1988).

79
. Holsti, 92.

80
. Black,
European Warfare
, 85.

81
. Ibid., 94.

1
. Goethe,
Faust, The Second Part of the Tragedy
, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Doubleday, 1961).

2
. William Doyle,
The Old European Order
, 295 – 296.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Kennedy, 143. Just as in the first part of the twentieth century, the First World War was known as “the Great War.”

5
. Quoted in
New Cambridge Modern History
, vol. 9, 253.

6
. Ibid., 311.

7.
Ibid.

8
. Osiander, 196 – 197.

9
.
New Cambridge Modern History
, vol. 9, 299.

10
. Ibid., 269.

11
. Philip Henry, Fifth Earl Stanhope,
Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831 – 1851
(J. Murray, 1888), 81.

12
.
New Cambridge Modern History
, vol. 9, 273.

13
. See Peter Paret,
Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform, 1807 – 1815
(Princeton University Press, 1960), 208; and Peter Paret,
Understanding War
(Princeton University Press, 1992), 16 – 17.

14
. Peter Paret, “Napoleon,” in
Makers of Modern Strategy
, ed. Paret, 126.

15
. Howard,
War in European History
, 83 – 84.

16
. Paraphrasing ibid.

17
. Charles Tristan de Montholon,
Recits de la captivité de l'empereur Napoleon
[Paris, 1847], 2:432 – 433; quoted by Paret, “Napoleon,” 127.

18
. Paret, “Napoleon,” 129.

19
. Ibid., 129 – 130.

20
. Cf. David Chandler, “The Right Man in the Right Place: Napoleon Bonaparte and the Battle for Toulon, France,”
History Today
49 (June 1999): 35.

21
. Black,
European Warfare
, 187.

22
. James H. Billington,
Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of Revolutionary Faith
(Transaction, 1999), 160.