The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down (50 page)

[>]
–27 
Legends of Avery:
Charles Johnson,
The Successful Pyrate,
London: Bernard Lintott, 1713, pp. 3–4;
The Life and Adventures...
pp. 46–7, 57–59.

[>]
 
Account in A G
eneral
H
istory of the
P
yrates:
GHP,
pp. 49–50, 56–57.

CHAPTER TWO: GOING TO SEA

[>]
 
Bellamy birth:
Kenneth J. Kinkor, "The Whydah Sourcebook," unpublished document, Provincetown: Whydah Museum, Provincetown, MA: 2003, p. 355;
Parish register printouts of Hittisleigh, Devon, England christenings, 1673–1837,
FHL Film 933371, Item 4, Provo, UT: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Genealogical Society. Microfilm.

[>]
 
Hittisleigh described:
The National Gazeteer of Great Britain and Ireland,
London, Virtue, 1868.

[>]
Quotes on Devon soils:
[Daniel Defoe]
A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain,
4th ed., London: S. Birt, et al., 1768, pp. 360–361.

[>]
Uses of Commons described:
Jane Humphries, "Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries,"
The Journal of Economic History,
Vol. 50, No. 1, March 1990, pp. 17–42.

[>]
 
Man's wages equal to dairy cow production:
Ibid., p. 24.

[>]
–30
Quotes from "traveler" and Bacon:
M. Dorothy George,
England in Transition,
Baltimore: Penguin, 1953, pp. 12, 15.

[>]
 
Half the English population barely surviving (1689):
David Ogg,
England in the Reigns of James II and William III,
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1969, pp. 33–34.

[>]
Poor half the life expectancy of the rich:
Ogg, pp. 34–35.

[>]
Poor six inches shorter than the rich:
John Komlos, "On English Pygmies and Giants: The Physical Stature of English Youth in the late-18th and early-19th Centuries," Discussion Paper 2005–06, Munich: Department of Economics, University of Munich, April 2005.

30 
Vane lived in Port Royal:
TJR,
p. 27.

[>]
 
A third of pirates from London:
Marcus Rediker,
Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age,
Boston: Beacon Press, 2004, p. 51.

[>]
London in 1700:
Ogg, 132; Maureen Waller,
1700: Scenes from London Life,
New York: Four Walls, Eight Windows, 2000, pp. 1–4.

[>]
 
Churches crowded by trade:
New State of England,
4th ed., London: R. J., 1702, p. 149.

[>]
 
Floating forest of masts:
Ibid., p. 149.

[>]
Wapping on the Ooze:
John Stow as quoted in Sir Walter Besant,
The Thames,
London: Adam & Charles Black, 1903, p. 110.

[>]
Crowded conditions, mass graves, coal in Wapping:
E. N. Williams,
Life in Georgian England,
London: B. T. Batsford, Ltd., 1962, pp. 113–114.

[>]
Dead animals putrefy:
Waller, p. 95.

[>]
Disease and death rates:
Waller, pp. 96–102; includes a photograph, "A General Bill of all the Christenings and Burials from the 19 of December 1699 to the 17 of December 1700."

[>]
 
Baby and child survival rates:
Waller, p. 62.

[>]
 
Renting out babies to beggars:
A Trip Through the Town,
London: J. Roberts, 1705.

[>]
Climbing boys:
J. P. Andrews,
An Appeal to the Humane on behalf of the most deplorable class of society, the Climbing Boys,
London: John Stockdale, 1788, pp. 8–9, 30–31.

[>]
Blackguards:
Edward Ward,
The London Spy,
London: The Folio Society, 1955, Originally published 1698–1700, pp. 27–28.

[>]
Prominent craftsmen described:
An Account of a Dreadful and Amazing Fire,
London: Edward Harrison, 1703. Pamphlet.

[>]
Descriptions of Wapping executions:
David Cordingly,
Under the Black Flag,
New York: Harcourt, 1997, p. 224; Richard Zacks,
The Pirate Hunter,
New York: Hyperion, 2002, pp. 386–392.

[>]
 
Last words of John Sparcks et al.:
An Account of the Behavior, Dying Speeches and Execution of Mr. John Murphy, for High Treason, and William May, John Sparkes, William Bishop, James Lewis, and Adam Forseith, for Robbery, Piracy, and Felony,
London: T. Crownfield, 1696.

[>]
 
Seamen in short supply, accounting for two-thirds:
R. D. Manning,
Queen Anne's Navy,
London: Navy Records Society, 1961, p. 170.

[>]
Navy's bounty for volunteers:
Ibid., p. 170.

[>]
"
sea for pleasure, hell for pastime":
Rediker (1987), p. 13.

[>]
Quote on spirits:
Edward Barlow quoted in Ibid., p. 81.

[>]
 
Spirits and crimps:
Ibid., pp. 43, 81–82.

[>]
 
Edward Ward describes sailors:
Ward (1955), pp. 249–250.

[>]
Sailor avoiding press quote:
Christopher Lloyd,
The British Seaman 1200–1860: A Social Survey,
Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1970, p. 104.

[>]
Methods of avoiding the press:
A Copy of the Marquis of Carmarthen's Method for the Speedy Manning Her Majesty's Royal Navy and for Encouraging Seamen,
Speech given 12 February 1705, London: John Humfreys, 1706, pp. 3–4.

[>]
Sailors go abroad to avoid press:
Lloyd (1970), p. 109; Marquis Carmarthen, p. 2.

[>]
Press leader get 20s a head:
John Dennis,
An Essay on the Navy,
London: John Nutt, 1702, p. 32.

[>]
Press gangs break into homes:
Marques Carmarthen, p. 3, Dennis, p. 32.

[>]
Pressing sailors from incoming ships:
Lloyd (1970), pp. 108–109.

[>]
 
Sailors mutiny to avoid impressments:
Ibid., pp. 142–143.

[>]
 
Whipping ship's boys on colliers:
Dennis, p. 33.

38
Capturing tradesmen and quote on that:
Ibid., p. 32.

[>]
Beggars fair game, wealthier exempt:
R. D. Merriman,
Queen Anne's Navy,
London: Navy Records Society, 1961, p. 172.

[>]
Blackbeard's birthdate and place:
GHP,
p. 71; Robert E. Lee,
Blackbeard the Pirate: A Reappraisal of His Life and Times,
Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1974, pp. 175–176n.

[>]
Bristol tax assesment of 1696:
Elizabeth Ralph and Mary E. Williams,
The Inhabitants of Bristol in 1696,
Bristol, UK: Bristol Records Society, 1968. The author also examined partial tax records from the 1690s at the Bristol Records Office.

[>]
 
Thatch of Gloucester:
Lease of Martin Nelme to Thomas Thatch and Charles Dymock, Bristol: 27 November 1712, Bristol Records Office, Bristol, UK, Document 00452/12b; Marriage Settlement of Martin Nelme, Bristol: 28 November 1712, Bristol Records Office, Bristol, UK, Document 00452/ 12a.

[>]
 
Physical appearance of Blackbeard:
CO 152/12, No. 67iii: Deposition of Henry Bostock, St. Christopher, Leeward Islands: 19 December 1717.

[>]
 
Bristol described:
Roger H. Leech,
The Topography of Medieval and Early Modern Bristol, Part I,
Bristol, UK: Bristol Record Society, 1997; Author visit, Bristol, November 2005; Frank Shipsides and Robert Wall,
Bristol: Maritime City,
Bristol, UK: Redcliffe Press, 1981, pp. 47–50.

[>]
 
Ogg quote on sailors:
Ogg, p. 328.

[>]
Samuel Johnson quote:
James Boswell,
The Life of Samuel Johnson,
London: 1791, p. 876.

[>]
Hazards presented by cargo:
Rediker (1987), pp. 89, 91, 93.

[>]
Barlow quotes on climbing rigging:
Quoted in Lloyd (1970), p. 106.

[>]
 
Large numbers died from falling, etc:
Rediker (1987), pp. 92–93.

[>]
–41 
Sailor's clothes:
G. E. Manwaring,
The Flower of England's Garland,
London: Philip Allan & Co., 1935, pp. 157–169; Edward Ward,
The Wooden World Dissected,
3rd ed., London: M. Cooper, 1744, p. 70.

[>]
 
Hans Sloane on sunburns:
Hans Sloane,
A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St Christopher's and Jamaica,
Vol. I, London: B. M., 1707, p. 25.

[>]
Sailor's quarters, vermin:
Rediker (1987), pp. 160–161; Stephen R. Brown,
Scurvy: How a surgeon, a mariner, and a Gentleman solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age,
New York: St Martin's Press, 2003, pp. 14–15.

[>]
Passenger's quote on cabin conditions (1750):
Gottleib Mittelberger as quoted in John Duffy, "The Passage to the Colonies,"
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
Vol. 38. No. 1 (June 1951), p. 23.

[>]
Sailor's food and drink:
Rediker (1987), pp. 127–128; "mouldy and stinking" Edward Barlow quoted in Lloyd (1970), p. 108; Web site on HMS
Victory
(1797) at
www.stvincent.ac
.uk/Heritage/ 1797/Victory/food.html.

[>]
 
Planned shortages of food:
Rediker (1987), p. 143.

[>]
–42 
Starvation accounts:
"Dispatch from
Dublin Post-Boy
of 11 March,"
Boston News-Letter,
1 May 1729, p. 1; "Boston Dispatch, November 4,"
Boston News-Letter,
6 November 1729, p. 2.

[>]
 
Brutal discipline accounts:
Rediker (1987), pp. 215–221.

[>]
 
Sadistic Captain Jeane account:
The Tryal of Captain Jeane of Bristol,
London: T. Warner, 1726, pp. 5–7.

[>]
 
Royal Navy punishments:
Instructions,
London: [for the Admiralty], 1714, p. 27; Dudley Pope,
Life in Nelson's Navy,
London: Unwin Irwin, 1987.

[>]
Mortality in slavers, Navy:
Rediker (1987), pp. 32–33, 47–48, 92–93.

[>]
Shortchanging sailors:
Rediker (1987), pp. 144–146.

44
Navy wages:
Lloyd (1970), pp. 107–108; Merriman, pp. 171–173; Rediker (1987), p. 33.

[>]
Woodes Rogers's childhood home in Bristol:
Ralph and Williams, p. 107.

[>]
 
Rogers born in 1679:
His birth records have not survived, but his younger siblings were born in 1680 and 1688. We know he was "about twenty-five" at the time of his 1705 marriage in London. See Little, p. 18.

[>]
–45 
Rogers family history in Poole:
Newton Wade, "Capt. Woodes Rogers,"
Notes and Queries,
Vol. 149, Number 22, 28 November 1925, p. 389; Manwaring (1935), pp. 92–93; Bryan Little,
Crusoe's Captain,
London: Odham's Press, 1960, pp. 15–17.

[>]
 
Poole oysters and fishing:
A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain,
pp. 346–347; on the Newfoundland fish trade see Michael Harris,
Lament for an Ocean,
Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1998, pp. 42–43.

[>]
Woods Rogers senior in Africa:
Captain [Woodes] Rogers to William Dampier, circa 1695, as excerpted in William Dampier,
Dampier's Voyages,
Volume II, John Masefiled, ed., London: E. Grant Richards, 1906, pp. 202–203, 321–324.

[>]
Education, pastor Samuel Hardy:
Little, pp. 17–19.

[>]
 
Rogers in Bristol in June 1696:
Ralph and Williams, p. 106.

[>]
–46 
Bristol disadvantages as a port:
Kenneth Morgan,
Bristol and the Atlantic trade in the eighteenth century,
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–30.

[>]
 
Pope's quote on Bristol:
Ibid., p. 33.

[>]
 
Description of central Bristol, Redcliffe in 1700:
Andor Gomme, Michael Jenner, and Bryan Little,
Bristol: an architectural history,
London: Lind Humphries, 1979, p. 94; Roger H. Leech,
The Topography of Medieval and Early Modern Bristol,
Part I, Bristol: Bristol Records Society, 1997, pp. xx–xxvii, 119–162; Morgan, pp. 7–9.