The Red Market (24 page)

Anagnost, Ann S. “Strange Circulations: The Blood Economy in Rural China,”
Economy and Society
35, no. 4 (November 2006): 509–29.

Caplan, Arthur. “Transplantation at Any Price?”
American Journal of Transplantation
4, no. 12 (2004): 1933–34.

Carney, Scott. “My Stint as a Lab Rat,”
Isthmus,
December 12, 2005.

________. “Testing Drugs on India’s Poor,”
Wired News,
December 19, 2005.

Cheney, Anne.
Body Brokers: Inside America’s Underground Trade in Human Remains
(New York: Broadway Books, 2006).

Cohen, Lawrence. “Where It Hurts: Indian Material for an Ethics of Organ Transplantation,”
Dædalus
128, no. 4 (1999): 135–65.

Cooper, Melinda. “Experimental Labour—Offshoring Clinical Trials to China,”
East Asian Science, Technology and Society
2, no. 1 (2008): 73–92.

Elliott, Carl.
Black Hat, White Coat: Adventures on the Dark Side of Medicine
(Boston: Beacon, 2010)
.

Ernst & Young.
Progressions 2006: Capturing Global Advantage in the Pharmaceutical Industry
(New York: Ernst and Young Global Pharmaceutical Care, 2006).

Fineman, Mark. “Living Off the Dead Is a Dying Trade in Calcutta,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 19, 1991.

________. “A Serene, Spiritual Mecca Has Become a Nation of Assassins,”
Chicago Tribune,
September 27, 1985.

Goyal, Madhav, Ravindra L. Mehta, Lawrence J. Schneiderman, and Ashwini R. Sehgal. “Economic and Health Consequences of Selling a Kidney in India,”
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
288, no. 13 (2002): 1589–93.

Ishiguro, Kazuo.
Never Let Me Go
(New York: Knopf, 2005).

Khullar, Mridu. “Americans Seek Stem Cell Treatments in India,”
Global Post,
October 6, 2009.

Matas, David, and David Kilgour.
Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China
(2007). http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net.

Milliman Research Report.
2008 U.S. Organ and Tissue Transplant Cost Estimates and Discussion
(Brookfield, WI, 2008)
.

Petryna, Adriana. “Ethical Variability: Drug Development and Globalizing Clinical Trials,”
American Ethnologist
32, no. 2 (2005): 183–97.

Richardson, Ruth.
Death Dissection and the Destitute
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2000).

Roach, Mary.
Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
(New York: Norton, 2004).

Sappol, Michael. “The Odd Case of Charles Knowlton: Anatomical Performance, Medical Narrative, and Identity in Antebellum America,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
83, no. 3 (2009): 460–98.

________.
A Traffic in Dead Bodies
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. “The Global Traffic in Human Organs,”
Current Anthropology
41, no. 2 (2000): 191–224.

Sharp, Leslie.
Strange Harvest
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).

Titmuss, Richard.
The Gift Relationship
(London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1970).

Virtue, John.
Leonard and Reva Brooks: Artists in Exile in San Miguel de Allende
(Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001).

Waldby, Catherine, and Robert Mitchell.
Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs, and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).

Wang, Guoqi. “Habeus Corpus,”
Harpers Magazine,
February 2002.

Weiner, Jonathan.
Long for This World: The Strange Science of Immortality
(New York: Ecco, 2010).

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Aadil Hospital, 78–79

adoptions, 91–108

from abstraction to real child, 4

altruism and, 236

Banu’s case, 100–101

fees, 94, 96, 97–98, 102, 236

Hague Convention on, 97–98, 105

paperwork for, 93–94, 102, 104, 149n

primary criterion in, 7–8

problems with, 95–98, 102–3

profit motive in, 97, 103

Subash’s case, 91–94, 98–100, 104–8

Africa, bone factories, 53–54

African-American women, and remy hair, 223, 228–29

AIDS. See HIV/AIDS

Akanksha Infertility Clinic, 134, 135–41, 144–45, 147–48

altruism, 5, 17, 205, 234, 235–36

blood exchanges and, 10–11, 161, 165

clinical trial subjects and, 179, 181

egg harvesting and, 115, 125–26

hair harvesting and, 225–26

surrogacy and, 146, 150

American Diabetes Association, 211

American Medical Association (AMA), 169

American Society of Reproductive Medicine, 113–14, 147

Anagnost, Ann S., 192

anatomical skeletons, xiv–xv, 43–44, 49–50, 52

Anatomy Act of 1832, 49

anonymity, 13–14, 15, 73–75, 80

antibiotics, 200, 201–2, 214

antirejection drugs, 65, 76, 204

Antony, Jeejo, 160–62

Apollo Hospital, 71

Arkansas blood banks, 169–70

Aron, Lavi, 131–32, 133

Aron, Vinesh, 55–56

Avasia, Sunil, 143–44

Baba Raghav Das Hospital, 163–64

Banda, David, 96

Bayer Pharmaceuticals, 176

Ben-Raphael, Zion, 127

Bhasin, J., 103

Bhattacharjee, Bimalendu, 50

Biocon, 189

biosentimentality, 75

Biswas, Mukti, 42–44, 55, 58

black markets, 5, 81–82, 205, 233–34

blood business, 8–11, 153–73, 235

in China, 192–93

history of, 8–9, 166–70

Titmuss and, 9–10, 11, 13, 164–65, 167–68

voluntary vs. paid donations, 9–11, 160–62, 165, 166–70

blood farms, 153–66

Gorakhpur scandal, 153–64, 170–73

blood plasma, 11, 166–67

Bloody Harvest (Matas and Kilgour), 82–84

Bodh Gaya, 16, 21–36

bodies. See human bodies

body snatching, 46–49

Bolivia, 17–18

bone factories, 38, 39–45, 49–52, 54–58

author’s visit to, xi–xvi, 39–40, 41–45, 56

export ban (1985), 40–41, 44n, 52, 55

history of skeleton trade, 45–52

production process, 42–44

Box, Mohammed Mullah, 45, 232

Brown, Kimberly, 57

Brown, Tiffany, 229

Buddha (Buddhism), xv, 22

Burke, William, 49

Bush, George W., 197–98

cadaver donation system, 12, 67, 74–75

Calcutta Medical College, 43, 49–50

capitalism. See economic issues; profit motive

Caplan, Arthur, 81

Cattacha, Vamal, 210–12

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), 99

cesarean sections (C-sections), 140, 147

Chad, adoption scandals, 96

Chen, Hua, 85–86

Chennai High Court, 99, 101, 108

Cherian, George, 226–27

Chicago Tribune, 50

child development, and orphanages, 8

Children’s Home Society & Family Services, 103–4

children’s skeletons, 51–52

China, 82–89, 96, 188, 192–94

China International Transplantation Network Assistance, 84

Cirus, 191

clinical labor, 179

clinical trial lifestyle, 179–80, 180n

clinical trials, 175–95

approval process, 184, 186

in China, 188, 192–94

compensation, 175–76, 179–80

double standard in, 194–95

in India, 188–92

Levitra trial, 175–78, 182–86

recruitment for, 181–82, 187–88

safety issues, 176, 177, 184–85

Cohen, Ester, 144–45, 151

Cohen, Lawrence, 7n

commodification of bodies, 4, 14, 205–6

compensation vs. payment, 114–15, 122–23, 125–26

consent. See informed consent

contract research organizations (CROs), 187–88

Cooper, Melinda, 179, 193–94

Covance, 175–76, 187

Crowe, Sarah, 97

cyclopamine, 190–91

cyclopia, 190–91, 190n

Cyprus fertility clinics, 111–12, 114, 116–26

Dalai Lama, 16

da Vinci, Leonardo, 45

death shrouds, 44

de Grey, Aubrey, 200–201

Delhi-IVF, 148–50

Dentsply Rinn, 57

Devaki Hospital, 69, 70

Devi, Gurya, 164, 170

Dexeus, 130

Diflo, Thomas, 87–88

Dom caste, 43, 49–50

“donate,” use of term, 5

donor anonymity, 13–14, 15, 73–75, 80

Donor Conception Network, 129

drug trials. See clinical trials

Durkin, Therese, 102

economic issues, 205, 234–36

blood donations and, 9–11, 165, 166–70

body parts vs. transplant services, 11–12

clinical trials and, 175–76, 179–80

egg harvesting and, 114–15, 122–23, 125–26

hair trade and, 225–26

international adoptions and, 96, 97–98, 236

kidney donations and, 12, 66–68, 78–81

monetary value of human body, 1–2, 5–6

surrogacy and, 138, 141, 146, 148

egg harvesting, 111–33

altruism and, 115, 125–26

compensation vs. payment, 114–15, 122–23, 125–26

Cyprus fertility clinics, 111–12, 116–26

ethical issues, 113, 115, 125–26

global demand for eggs, 112–13

legal issues, 114–15, 117, 125–26

Russian donors, 119–20, 122, 123–24

in Spain, 127–31

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 166

Elite IVF, 131–33

Elliott, Carl, 180n

embryonic stem cell research, 197–200, 213–15

Emily’s body, 21–36, 37

erectile dysfunction trial, 175–78, 182–86

Escuela Universitaria de Bellas Artes, 231–32

Ethica, 146

ethical issues

egg harvesting, 113, 115, 125–26

kidney prospecting, 73–75

surrogacy, 144, 145–46, 150

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), 114–15, 122

European Union (EU), 116–17, 122

exploitation, 10, 14, 80, 88–89, 97, 124, 146, 192–93

Falun Gong, 82–83, 85–87

Families Thru International Adoption, 102

Fatima Hospital, 160–61

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 106–7

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 168–69

Fleming, Alexander, 200

Focus on Children, 96

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 177, 185, 189, 194, 202

funeral parlors, thefts of bodies, 17

Ganla, Kedar, 148–49

Gaya Medical College, 23, 25–26, 30–32

Gelsinger, Jesse, 176–77

Genentech, 191, 207–8

gene therapy, 176–77, 202

Gift Relationship, The (Titmuss), 9–10, 11, 13, 14–15, 164–65

Gillette, 12

Gorakhpur blood farms, 153–64, 170–73

Gore, Al, 11

grave robberies (grave robbers), xii, xiv, 42, 45–49, 51–52, 232–33

gray markets, 5, 117

Gupta, Anoop, 142, 148–50

Gupta, K. K., 226

Gupta Enterprises, 226