The Nuns of Sant'Ambrogio: The True Story of a Convent in Scandal (78 page)

126.
Letter from Kleutgen to Steinhuber, February 24, 1872, quoted in ibid., p. 71.

127.
Kleutgen’s itinerary: ibid., pp. 78–79.

128.
Letter from Pastor Glatz to Father Felchlin, March 6, 1883, quoted in ibid., p. 72.

129.
Cf. Deufel,
Kirche
, p. 74.

130.
Leo XII’s encyclical
Aeterni Patris
of August 4, 1879; Latin text in ASS 12 (1879/80), pp. 436–42. English translation online:
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13cph.htm
(11/17/2013).

131.
Steinhuber even claimed Kleutgen had written a “draft” of this. Letter from Steinhuber to Langenhorst, April 1883; ADPSJ section 47, no. 541. Winter states that “the 1st draft probably” came from Kleutgen: Eduard Winter, “Kleutgen,” in
LThK
, 1st ed., vol. 6 (1934), p. 46. Walter, on the other hand, says it is “uncertain” whether he was involved in the preparations: Peter Walter, “Kleutgen,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 6 (1997), p. 135.

132.
Letter from Kleutgen to Steinhuber, September 12, 1879, quoted in Deufel,
Kirche
, p. 75.

133.
Pastor Glatz from Lengmoos remembers this expression of Kleutgen’s in the retrospective written in 1883; ibid., p. 76.

134.
Letter from Kleutgen to Schneemann, July 16, 1881, quoted in ibid., p. 77.

135.
Cf. Finkenzeller,
Kleutgen
, p. 324.

136.
The text of the Latin inscription can be found in Hertkens,
Kleutgen
, p. 90; Lakner,
Kleutgen
, p. 200.

137.
Lakner,
Kleutgen
, p. 200.

138.
The first dogmatic constitution on the Church of Christ Pastor aeternus of July 18, 1870; English translation online:
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum20.htm#Chapter
4. On the infallible teaching authority of the Roman pontiff.

EPILOGUE
The Secret of Sant’Ambrogio as Judged by History

1.
Cf.
Civiltà Cattolica
, May 25, 1861, pp. 621–23.

2.
See
http://www.romafelix.com/sambrmass.htm
(11/24/2013).

3.
Cf. Bischof,
Theologie
, pp. 62–105.

4.
Cf. Wolf,
Syllabus
, pp. 115–39.

5.
See Quirinus [Ignaz von Döllinger],
Römische Briefe vom Concil
(Munich, 1870), p. 286. These letters were first published as articles in the
Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung
, and were later published by Döllinger in book form.

6.
See the article “Gottes eigenes Konzil. Zweitausend Jahre Apostel, Päpste und Politik im Namen Christi” in
Der Spiegel
, no. 43, October 24, 1962.

7.
There is a collection of articles from this period in ADPSJ section 47, no. 541.

8.
On Old Catholicism, see Conzemius,
Katholizismus
; Schulte,
Altkatholizismus
.

9.
Deutscher Merkur. Organ für katholische Reformbewegung
, no. 12, March 22, 1879, pp. 95–96. See also Hertkens,
Kleutgen
, p. 81–82. In his history of the First Vaticanuum Friedrich therefore also mentioned the “infamous Jesuit Kleutgen”; cf. Friedrich,
Geschichte
, vol. 3/2, p. 757.

10.
Giovenale Pelami was born in 1819, and became the Holy Office’s substitute notary in 1844. He was its chief notary from 1870 to 1886, and died in 1888. See Wolf (ed.),
Prosopographie
, p. 1151.

11.
Neue Zeitung für das katholische Deutschland
, no. 63, March 14, 1879. Cf. also Deufel,
Kirche
, p. 62. Latin text in [Dr.] Liesen, “P. Joseph Kleutgen,” in
Der Katholik
63 (1883), first half, pp. 523–43, here p. 529; also Hertkens,
Kleutgen
, p. 82.

12.
Neue Zeitung für das katholische Deutschland
, no. 64, March 15, 1879.

13.
Cf. Deufel,
Kirche
, p. 62.

14.
Johann Hertkens was born in 1843. He was a chief pastor, biographer, and teacher of homiletics. He died in 1909. See Herrmann A. L. Degener (ed.),
Wer ist’s? Zeitgenossenlexikon enthaltend Biographien nebst Bibliographien
(Leipzig, 4th ed., 1909), p. 573;
Biographisches Jahrbuch und deutscher Nekrolog
, vol. 14 (Berlin, 1909), p. 36*.

15.
Ludwig Lercher was born in 1864, entered the Society of Jesus in 1891, and was a professor of dogmatics at the University of Innsbruck. He died in 1937. See Franz Daxecker, “Lercher,” in
BBKL
(online); Koch,
Jesuiten-Lexikon
, vol. 2, p. 1098.

16.
See Hertkens,
Kleutgen
, pp. 77–80.

17.
Ibid., p. 81.

18.
Theodor Granderath was born in 1839, entered the Society of Jesus in 1860, and was professor of dogmatic theology at the Gregorian University and the Saint Ignatius College in Valkenburg. He died in 1902. See Koch,
Jesuiten-Lexikon
, vol. 1, p. 723.

19.
Granderath,
Geschichte
, vol. 2, pp. 363–64, note 6. Schäfer still took up Granderath’s position in 1961 (
Kontroverse
, p. 47, note 90).

20.
Lakner,
Kleutgen
, p. 195–96. Franz Lakner was born in 1900, and entered the Society of Jesus in 1922. He was ordained in 1929. He later became professor of dogmatic theology in Innsbruck, and died in 1974. See Klaus Schatz, “Lakner,” in
NDB
13 (1982), p. 424.

21.
Koch,
Jesuiten-Lexikon
, p. 998. Ludwig Koch was born in 1878 and entered the Society of Jesus in 1897. He was a writer and editor, editing the Sunday newspapers
Leo
and
Sonntagsstimmen
. He also worked for the
Stimmen der Zeit
. He died in 1936. See Paul Duclos, “Koch,” in
BBKL
4 (1992), pp. 220–21.

22.
“Cronaca Contemporanea,” in
Civiltà Cattolica
, Series XII 1 (1883), pp. 633–36.

23.
“Un Ristoratore della Filosofi a scolastica. Giuseppe Kleutgen S. J. (9 aprile 1811–13 gennaio 1883),” in
Civiltà Cattolica
62 (1911), pp. 34–45.

24.
Zingeler was born in 1845, took his final exams as an external candidate in Bonn, and went on to study philosophy. The hereditary prince Leopold von Hohenzollern employed him in 1871 as tutor to his two eldest sons, and brought him to Sigmaringen. Later, he became head of the royal archive there. In this role, he produced several works about the house of Hohenzollern. He died in 1923. See Chr. Zingeler, “Karl Theodor Zingeler, 1845–1923,” in
Zollerheimat
2 (1933), pp. 40–42.

25.
Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 75.

26.
Ibid., p. 77; similarly Zingeler,
Karl Anton
, pp. 159–60. The curator of the Rottenburg Diocesan Museum, Anton Pfeffer (1879–1961) also follows Zingeler’s portrayal. Cf. Pfeffer,
Gründerin
, pp. 9–14.

27.
Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. v (preface).

28.
Cf. Arnold,
Geschichte
; Loome,
Catholicism
; Wolf and Schepers (eds.),
Jagd
.

29.
Schott,
Leben
, pp. 17–18. Anselm Schott was born in 1843, ordained in 1867, and entered the Benedictine abbey of Beuron in 1868, where he professed his vows in 1870. He made his name as the editor of the widely used missal
Messbuch für Laien
, which was popularly known as “Schott.” He died in 1896. See Angelus Häussling, “Schott,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 9 (2000), p. 242.

30.
Fiala,
Jahrhundert
, pp. 51–52. Fiala was born in 1911. He gained his doctorate in Vienna in 1937, and took temporary vows in 1938, followed by a full profession of vows in 1949. He was ordained the same year. He worked as a lecturer in theology in Beuron, and from 1960 in the State Library of Württemberg, the state library in Stuttgart. He died in 1978. See Aegidius Kolb (ed.),
Bibliographie der deutschsprachigen Benediktiner 1880–1980
, vol. 2 (Sankt Ottilien, 1987), pp. 575–76. Wilhelm Freiherr Koenig von und zu Warthausen’s article “Die Errettung einer ‘Lebend Begrabenen’ ” in the
Schwäbische Zeitung
, no. 162, July 17, 1965, was based on Fiala’s piece in Beuron’s centenary publication.

31.
Cf. Damianus Schaefers, “Kreuz IX: Geschichte der Kreuzreliquien,” in
LThK
, 2nd ed., vol. 6 (1961), pp. 614–15.

32.
Eduard Winter, “Kleutgen,” in
LThK
, 1st ed., vol. 6 (1934), p. 45. Winter, a professor at the University of Prague, summarizes that Kleutgen is “of outstanding merit for the reanimation of scholastic theology and philosophy in Germany, through clear and sober argumentation on the basis of tradition.” Leonard Gilen, “Kleutgen”, in
LThK
, 2nd ed., vol. 6 (1961), p. 340. The Jesuit Gilen credits Kleutgen with the “scientific overcoming of Hermesianism,” though Kleutgen’s real objectives were “to construct a positive philosophy with its source in the thought of scholasticism and patristics.” Peter Walter, “Kleutgen,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 6 (1997), p. 135.

33.
Gustav Hebeisen, “Hohenzollern, Katharina,” in
LThK
, 1st ed., vol. 5 (1933), p. 106. Hebeisen, who was the director of the Sigmaringen Archive at the time, characterizes her as a “princess inclined to idiosyncrasy and struck by blows of fate,” who was not always easily understood. He also writes that although Katharina planned on three occasions to enter a religious order, none of these plans came to fruition, due to ill health and Reisach advising against it. Eberhard Gönner, “Hohenzollern, Katharina,” in
LThK
, 2nd ed., vol. 5 (1960), p. 435. Peter Thaddäus Lang, “Hohenzollern, Katharina,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 5 (1996), p. 217. Lang puts Katharina’s failure to lead a cloistered life down to her “bad constitution.”

34.
The insight yielded by modern research on encyclopedias, that lexicons have never been neutral collections of information, but have always also been the “locus of what a society held to be worthy of knowing,” also proves correct here. Cf. Ines Prodöhl,
Die Politik des Wissens. Allgemeine deutsche Enzyklopädien zwischen 1928 und 1956
(Berlin, 2011), p. 1.

35.
Cf. Deufel,
Kirche
, pp. 56–63.

36.
Cf. Fried,
Schleier
, pp. 13–46.

37.
Cf. Walter, “Zu einem neuen Buch,” pp. 318–56.

38.
Cf. Schwedt, “Rez. zu Deufel,” pp. 264–69, here pp. 267–68.

39.
Neither of these objections is valid. First, there are many known cases handled by the Roman Inquisition and the Congregation of the Index in which a judgment was made, but not publicized for some reason. For example, John Zahm’s work
Evolution and Dogma
was banned in 1898, but this ban wasn’t published. Cf. Mariano Artigas et al.,
Negotiating Darwin The Vatican Confronts Evolution, 1877–1902
(Baltimore, 2006), pp. 124–202. Second, it is a mistake to speak of objective limits to the jurisdiction of an early-modern court, which the Roman Curia still was, even in the nineteenth century. The absolute ruler, in this case the pope, could declare an authority or an office responsible for whatever he liked, which in this case Pius IX certainly did.

40.
Martina,
Pio IX
, vol. 2, p. 243.

41.
Pahud de Mortanges,
Philosophie
, p. 254.

42.
Nichols,
Conversation
, pp. 117–19.

43.
Deufel,
Kirche
, pp. 17–18.

Sources