The Nuns of Sant'Ambrogio: The True Story of a Convent in Scandal (70 page)

4.
Regola della Riforma delle Monache del Terz’Ordine di S. Francesco, Cap. IX: Degli Uffizi; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 r 1.

5.
Leziroli to Patrizi, undated; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 a, fol. 102rv. Memorie di tutte le cose più rimarchevoli occorse in questo nostro S. Istituto nelle diverse epoche incominciando dal principio della fondazione; ibid., B 6 s 1, fol. 621.

6.
Sommario della Relazione informativa, no. V: Esame di Sr. Maria Crocifissa, April 25, 1860; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 c.

7.
John 20:22.

8.
See Luke 22:14–20 and 1 Corinthians 11:23–25.

9.
This feast was observed on August 15, according to the liturgical calendar. Cf. Adolf Adam, “Das Hochfest ‘Aufnahme Marias in den Himmel,’ ” in
Klerusblatt
64 (1984), 8, pp. 201–4.

10.
See the second verse of the hymn to the Virgin, “Die schönste von allen”; Gotteslob. Edition for the diocese Rottenburg (Ostfildern), 1975, no. 895.

11.
A scapular is part of a nun’s habit, resembling an apron worn over the tunic. Cf. Giancarlo Rocca, “Scapolare,” in
DIP
8 (1988), pp. 1015–18.

12.
On these eschatological places, see Auffahrt,
Himmel
, pp. 515–23; Lang,
Himmel
, pp. 524–33. On the period of purification, the particular judgment and the
interzessio
(the saint’s intercession with God on behalf of the deceased), cf. Angenendt,
Heilige
, pp. 106–8.

13.
Cf. Speyer,
Verehrung
, p. 50.

14.
It is frequently conjectured that mystics make regular use of intoxicants to achieve their ecstatic state. Cf. Peter Gerlitz, “Mystik I,” in
TRE
23 (1994), pp. 533–47, here pp. 543–44.

15.
Cf. Wolfgang Beinert et al. (eds.),
Das kirchliche Amt in apostolischer Nachfolge. Grundlagen und Grundfragen
, 3 vols. (Freiburg i. Br., 2004–2008); Max Seckler, “Der Begriff der Offenbarung,” in
Handbuch der Fundamentaltheologie
, ed. Walter Kern,
Hermann Josef Pottmeyer and Max Seckler, Vol. 2: Traktat Offenbarung (Freiburg i. Br., 1985), pp. 60–83.

16.
On mysticism in general, cf. Bürke,
Mythos
; Leppin,
Mystik
; McGinn,
Writings
; Wehr,
Mystik
; Zahn,
Einführung
. On mysticism in the Franciscan orders, cf. Freyer,
Mystik
.

17.
Helga Unger, “Mystik,” in Lissner et al. (eds.),
Frauenlexikon
, pp. 795–805, here p. 795.

18.
Christoph Weber describes visions and ecstasies as the means to an “obscure feminine recapture of words and power in the Catholic Church.” Weber,
Ultramontanismus
, p. 31.

19.
Dinzelbacher,
Frauenmystik
, pp. 251–84; Alois Stöger, “Erscheinungen,” in
Marienlexikon
2 (1989), pp. 395–98, here p. 398; Helga Unger, “Mystik,” in Lissner et al. (eds.),
Frauenlexikon
, p. 804. On the problematization of “true” and “false” mysticism, cf. Lhermitte,
Mystiker
. On the difference between
Revelatio privata
and
Revelatio publica
, cf. Georg Essen, “Privatoffenbarung,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 8 (1999), pp. 603–4.

20.
Cf. Dinzelbacher,
Frauenmystik
; Schmökel,
Hochzeit
; Weiß,
Ekstase
.

21.
The martyr Agnes of Rome was wearing a heavenly ring to symbolize her marriage to Christ as early as the second century AD. Cf. Marianne Heimbach-Steins, “Brautsymbolik II: Brautmystik,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 2 (1994), p. 665. The sensual and erotic dimension of this tradition, in which a female mystic wed her divine bridegroom, reached its high point in the Middle Ages with Mechthild of Magdeburg. Cf. Gisela Vollmann-Profe, “Mystische Hohelied-Erfahrungen. Zur Brautmystik Mechthilds von Magdeburg,” in
Das Hohelied. Liebeslyrik als Kultur (en) erschließendes Medium?
(Bern, 2007), pp. 57–68; Weiß,
Ekstase
, pp. 462–68. On the cultural-historical and liturgical significance of the ring in general, see Rupert Berger and Michael Schmauder, “Ring,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 8 (1999), pp. 1192–94.

22.
Craveri,
Sante
, pp. 65–85; Dinzelbacher,
Mystik
, pp. 356–64; Doornik,
Katharina
, pp. 37–46; Poppenburg,
Leben
.

23.
Raymond of Capua was born in 1330. He was a Dominican, who became Catherine of Siena’s confessor since 1347, and was made provincial of Lombardy in 1379. From 1380 to 1399 he was Master General of the part of the Dominican order that had remained faithful to Rome. He died in 1399 and was beatified in 1899. See Walter Senner, “Capua,” in
BBKL
7 (1994), pp. 1279–81.

24.
Raymond of Capua,
Life
, pp. 75–76.

25.
The “Legenda minor” also emphasized this: “After this clear vision, Catherine constantly saw the ring on her finger, although it remained invisible to us.” Caffarini,
Caterina
, p. 90. The invisible ring was to help Catherine fulfill her difficult duties in the world, in spite of all hostility and persecution. It thus became a sign of legitimation for her ecclesiastico-political mission, which was not without its dangers. See also Malan,
Geschichte
, pp. 232–33.

26.
Wilhelm Horkel,
Spiritismus. Geheimnisse des Jenseits
(Stuttgart, 1987); Felizitas Küble, “Voodoo, Spiritismus, magische Kulte. Ritual aus der Finsternis,” in
Theologisches
42 (2012), 1/2, pp. 27–44; Sawicki,
Leben
.

27.
Cf. Nils Freytag and Diethard Sawicki, “Verzauberte Moderne. Kulturge-schichtliche
Perspektiven auf das 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,” in Nils Freytag and Diethard Sawicki,
Wunderwelten. Religiöse Ekstase und Magie in der Moderne
(Munich, 2006), pp. 7–24; Weiß,
Redemptoristen
, pp. 31–38.

28.
On Brentano’s enthusiasm for mystical phenomena, and in particular for Anna Katharina Emmerick, cf. Wolfgang Frühwald,
Das Spätwerk Clemens Brentanos
(
1815–1842
)
. Romantik im Zeitalter der Metternich’schen Restauration
(Tübingen, 1977); Gerd-Klaus Kaltenbrunner,
Die Seherin von Dülmen und ihr Dichter-Chronist. Clemens Brentano, Anna Katharina Emmerich und die Folgen einer seltsamen Seelen-Symbiose
(Gersau, 1992); Thomas a Villanova Wegener, “Anna Katharina Emmerich und Clemens Brentano. Zur Orientierung einer viel besprochenen Frage,” Dülmen 1900, online:
http://sammlungen.ulb.unimuenster.de/hd/content/pageview/827203
(6/26/2012)—there is also a section here on Clemens Brentano’s biography.

29.
See Dussler,
Feneberg
.

30.
2 vols., Stuttgart 1829. Friederike Hauffe was born in 1801 and died in 1829, in Löwenstein. Her “gifts,” strongly reminiscent of mystical phenomena, were in her case treated as symptoms of somnambulism, and even connected with occultism.

31.
Cf. Görres,
Mystik
. Cf. also Naab,
Auflösung
, pp. 53–74; Weiß,
Ort
, pp. 79–130.

32.
Weiß,
Ort
, p. 94.

33.
Ibid., p. 95. The miraculous fragrance was one of the classic attributes of true sainthood in the Church tradition. Cf. Angenendt,
Heilige
, p. 10, 119–22, and passim.

34.
Weiß,
Ort
, p. 119.

35.
Cf. Thurston,
Phenomena
, Weiß,
Seherinnen
, pp. 43–48.

36.
Weiß,
Ort
, p. 120.

37.
Karl,
Glauben
, p. 7.

38.
Ibid., p. 6.

39.
Ibid., p. 9.

40.
Ibid., p. 24.

41.
Relazione informativa con Sommario, Titolo VI: Affettata Santità della M. Vicaria Sr. Maria Luisa; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 c. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text unless otherwise stated.

42.
Letter from Leziroli to Patrizi, undated; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 a, fol. 101rv.

43.
The annals have the title: Memorie di tutte le cose più rimarchevoli occorse in questo nostro S. Istituto nelle diverse epoche incominciando dal principio della fondazione (January 3, 1857), 628 pp.; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 s 1.

44.
On the rose as the flower of the Virgin, and rose perfume, see Angenendt,
Heilige
, pp. 119–22; “Rose,” in Forstner and Becker (eds.),
Lexikon
, pp. 280–82. On the lily, see Margarete Pfister-Burkhalter, “Lilien,” in
LCI
3 (1971), pp. 101–3.

45.
Franceschetti gave the Holy Tribunal some very important information in his hearings on December 7 and 22, 1859, and on January 7, May 9, and June 19, 1860. Sommario della Relazione informativa, no. VII: Esami di Franceschetti; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 c.

46.
The Paolo was a Roman silver coin weighing four grams. It was introduced by
Paul III to replace the Giulio. On the value of the coin in Rome, see Johann Jacob Volkmann,
Historisch-kritische Nachrichten von Italien: welche eine genaue Beschreibung dieses Landes, der Sitten und Gebräuche, der Regierungsform, Handlung, Oekonomie, des Zustandes der Wissenschaften, und insonderheit der Werke der Kunst … enthalten
, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1771), p. 764: “The money in Rome is very easy to work out, as it uses the decimal system, and as a consequence there are very few fractions. All bills are worked out in Scudi and Baiocchi. A Scudo is worth ten Paoli, and a Paolo ten Baiocchi. A Baiocco is five Quattrini, a copper coin only used by poor people. The decimal numbers are uncommonly good for calculations.” See also the detailed article “Monete pontificie,” in Moroni,
Dizionario
46 (1847), pp. 104–25.

47.
The Baiocco was a coin in the Papal States, weight 12 grams. It was worth
¹
/
₁₀₀
of a scudo and
¹
/
₁₀
of a paolo. See
Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
2 (1905), p. 284.

48.
Relazione informativa con Sommario, Titolo VI: Affettata Santità della M. Vicaria Sr. Maria Luisa: Perquisizione delli anelli nei luoghi comodi del Noviziato; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 c.

49.
Relazione informativa con Sommario, Titolo VI: Affettata Santità della M. Vicaria Sr. Maria Luisa; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 c. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text unless otherwise stated.

50.
The general “is chosen by the General Assembly, which has to meet after the death of a general, and, once elected, he holds the position for life. The general is … of course bound by the order’s constitution and canon law, in particular obedience to the Pope, and can only exercise his power within the bounds of the constitutions. But in individual cases, and in certain circumstances, he can also dispense with these, and the decisions of general congregations, and in accordance with the constitution possesses … the entire and immediate plenipotentiary power of the government. In this respect, the highest executive of the Society of Jesus can be called monarchical. However, his power is not absolute, but constitutional.” “General (Praepositus generalis),” in Koch,
Jesuiten-Lexikon
, vol. 1, pp. 656–59, here p. 656. On the organization of the Society of Jesus, see Hartmann,
Jesuiten
, pp. 19–29; Martina,
Storia
; Sommavilla,
Compagnia
.

51.
Beckx died in 1887. See “A.R.P. Petrus Beckx †,” in
Stimmen aus Maria Laach
32 (1887), p. 265; Koch,
Jesuiten-Lexikon
, vol. 1, pp. 170–72; Schoeters,
Beckx
; Sommervogel,
Bibliothèque
, vol. 1, pp. 1118–25.

52.
Appendice al Ristretto infomativo, Esame di Beckx, March 1860; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 f.

53.
Esame di Sr. Maria Veronica, February 15, 1860; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 d, fol. 48 f.

54.
Appendice al Ristretto informativo, Esame di Beckx, March 1860; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 f.

55.
Lettera della Vergine Maria al Preposito Generale della Compagnia di Gesù; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z, fol. 4rv (original letter); Appendice al Ristretto informativo, Sommario no. I; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 f (printed version).

56.
For example, Prince Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen said that Pius spoke
French during audiences as a matter of course;
Aus meinem Leben. Vol. 2:1856–1863
(Berlin, 1905), p. 160.

57.
See Carlin,
Ecclesiologia
, pp. 29–34, here p. 30.

58.
Passaglia died in 1887. See ibid., pp. 11–52; Martina,
Storia
, pp. 145–64; Peter Walter, “Passaglia,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 7 (1998), p. 1414; Walter,
Passaglia
, pp. 165–82, here pp. 165–71.

59.
Schrader died in 1875. See Schauf,
Schrader
, pp. 368–85; Peter Walter, “Schrader,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 9 (2000), p. 248.

60.
See Wolf (ed.),
Repertorium Indexkongregation
, p. 406.

61.
See Giovagnoli,
Teologia
, pp. 107–9.

62.
Appendice al Ristretto informativo, Sommario no. II: Lettera consegnata dal P. Leziroli, August 5, 1857; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 f.

63.
Cf. Schneider,
Feminisierung
, pp. 123–47. Cf. also Duby,
Modell
, pp. 187–220.

64.
Borutta,
Antikatholizismus
, pp. 218 and 366–89.

65.
Cf. Horst,
Dogma
, pp. 95–114.

66.
Apostolic Constitution from Pius IX, “Ineffabilis Deus,” issued on December 8, 1854; full English text online:
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9ineff.htm
(08/29/2013). On the position of the Roman school on the new dogma of the Virgin, see Schumacher,
Konzept
, pp. 207–26.

67.
“Das Dogma und die Civilisation,” in
Augsburger Postzeitung
, no. 210, August 2, 1855, p. 694, and no. 211, August 3, 1855, p. 698. The article originally appeared in the German edition of the
Civiltà Cattolica
, 1855, pp. 204–29. Interestingly, the
Augsburger Postzeitung
names the author as Giuseppe Calvetti, a friend of Joseph Kleutgen, who died in 1855 at the age of just thirty-eight. Cf. Schäfer,
Kontroverse
, p. 66.