The Nuns of Sant'Ambrogio: The True Story of a Convent in Scandal (62 page)

2.
Christiane Gmeiner started work as a governess for Princess Rosa zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, born Countess von Sternberg, in March 1870. She accompanied her to Prague. Katharina had obviously recommended her confidante for this task. HZA Archiv Bartenstein, box 130, addendum 56.

3.
Erlebnisse von S. Ambrogio, von Fräulein Ch. Gmeiner notiert im Jahr 1870; StA
Sigmaringen
, Dep 39 HS I Rubr 53 no. 14 UF 9m, p. 76.

CHAPTER ONE
“Such Turpitudes”

1.
Cf. Stefanie Kraemer and Peter Gendolla (eds.),
Italien. Eine Bibliographie zu Italienreisen in der deutschen Literatur. Unter Mitarbeit von Nadine Buderath
(Frankfurt am
Main, 2003). There is also an extensive bibliography online:
www.lektueren.de/Lehrveranstaltungen/Bibliographie%20Italienreisen.pdf
(5/18/2012).

2.
On the following, cf. Weitlauff (ed.),
Kirche
; Wolf,
Kirchengeschichte
, pp. 114–21; Zovatto (ed.),
Storia
, pp. 508–15. The relevant sections of the
Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte
, vol. 6/1 are still also worth reading, as is Schmidlin,
Papstgeschichte
, vol. I. On the suppression of the Jesuits, see Hartmann,
Jesuiten
, pp. 84–90; Martina,
Storia
. The concepts used in the following section for theological and ecclesiastico-political directions, such as “enlightened,” “intransigent,” “liberal,” “modern,” “establishmentarian,” and “Ultramontanist” are not entirely unproblematic, as they were the object of serious controversy themselves at the time. They also have a different meaning outside their religious context, and imply different values according to one’s standpoint.

3.
Ercole Consalvi was born in 1757. He was the cardinal secretary of state from 1800 to 1806, and again from 1814 to 1823. He died in 1824. For more on him, see Wolf (ed.),
Prosopographie
, pp. 340–46.

4.
Cf. Giacomo Martina, “Gregorio XVI,” in
DBI
59 (2003), online:
www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-gregorio-xvi_(Dizionario-Biografico)
(5/22/2012); Reinermann,
Metternich
, pp. 524–48; Georg Schwaiger, “Gregor XVI.” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 4 (1995), pp. 1023–24; Wolf,
Index
, pp. 105–16.

5.
Mauro Capellari, Il trionfo della Santa Sede e della Chiesa contro gli assalti dei Novatori (Venice, 1799).

6.
Cf. Hasler,
Pius IX
. Ickx,
Santa Sede
, pp. 293–568; Lill,
Ultramontanismus
, pp. 76–91; Martina,
Pio IX
, 3 vols; Weber,
Kardinäle
, 2 vols; Wenzel,
Freundeskreis
, pp. 190–355; Wolf,
Index
; Wolf,
Kirchengeschichte
, pp. 137–52.

7.
Cf. Seibt,
Rom
, pp. 111–89.

8.
Cf. Franz Hülskamp and Wilhelm Molitor,
Piusbuch. Papst Pius IX. in seinem Leben und Wirken
(Münster, 3rd ed., 1877), p. 7.

9.
Diary entry from November 10, 1852; Gregorovius,
Roman Journals
, p. 3.

10.
Cf.
Descrizione topografica
, pp. 201–8; Hergenröther,
Kirchenstaat
; Kruft/Völkee, Einführung, in Gegorovius, Tajebücher, pp. 21–30; Sombart,
Campagna
; Stefani,
Dizionario corografico
; Weber,
Kardinäle
vol. 1, pp. 1–183. On the development of Rome from 1870 to the present, see Seronde-Babonauz,
Rome
.

11.
This biography of Katharina von Hohenzollern is principally based on the (admittedly rather hagiographic) description of her life by Zingeler,
Katharina
; also Deufel,
Kirche
, pp. 56–67; Fiala,
Jahrhundert
, pp. 47-52; Gustav Hebeisen, “Hohenzollern, Katharina,” in
LThK
, 1st ed., vol. 5 (1933), p. 106 (for the date of her trip to Rome and meeting with Reisach); Wenzel,
Freundeskreis
, pp. 359–81.

12.
On the House of Hohenlohe and its various lines, cf.
Adelslexikon
, vol. 5, pp. 302–7; Taddey,
Unterwerfung
, pp. 883–92; Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 3.

13.
Fiala,
Jahrhundert
, p. 48; Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 4.

14.
See Garhammer,
Regierung
, pp. 75–81; Garhammer,
Seminaridee
, pp. 11–74; Anton Zels, “Reisach,” in Gatz (ed.),
Bischöfe
, pp. 603–6.

15.
Hofbauer, who was born in 1751, was the first German Redemptorist. He died in 1820. See Werner Welzig, “Hofbauer,” in
NDB
9 (1972), pp. 376–77.

16.
Adam Müller was born in 1779. He studied in Göttingen and Berlin, where he
came into contact with the literary Romantics. In 1815, he entered the Austrian civil service, and was knighted in 1826, becoming Ritter von Nitterdorf. He died in 1829. See Silvia Dethlefs, “Müller Ritter von Nitterdorf” in
NDB
18 (1997), pp. 338–41.

17.
The Collegio Romano was founded in Rome in 1551 by Ignatius of Loyola, as the Jesuits’ central training institute. In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus, it passed into the hands of the secular priests. In 1824 it was returned to the Jesuits by Leo XII. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Jesuits’ school lay on the Piazza del Collegio Romano, off the main street, the Via del Corso. Since 1873, the former Collegio Romano has been known as the Gregorian Pontifical University. This was also when it moved to Via del Seminario, between the Piazza Veneziana and the Trevi Fountain. Cf. Ricardo García-Villoslada,
Storia del Collegio Romano
(Rome, 1954); Benedetto Vetere and Alessandro Ippoliti (eds.),
Il Collegio Romano. Storia di una costruzione
(Rome, 2001). On the history of the Gregorian University, cf. Robert Leiber and Ricardo García-Villoslada, “Gregoriana,” in
LThK
, 2nd ed., vol 4 (1960), pp. 1195–96; Steinhuber,
Geschichte
, 2 vols. The Collegium Germanicum is a seminary led by Jesuits, which was founded in 1552 by Pope Julius III. In 1580, the Collegium Germanicum was merged with the Collegium Hungaricum, and since then it has carried the official name Pontificum Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum de Urbe. The seminary lies on the Via Leonida Bissolati in Rione Sant’Eustachio. Cf. Schmidt,
Collegium
.

18.
Garhammer,
Regierung
, p. 79. The Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide lies in the Rione Borgo, on the Via Urbano VIII, near Lungotevere Vaticano, and is now called the Pontificio Collegio Urbano. On the Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, cf. Nikolaus Kowalsky, “Propaganda-Kongregation,” in
LThK
, 2nd ed., vol. 8 (1963), pp. 793–94.

19.
Cf. Wenzel,
Freundeskreis
, p. 360.

20.
Marie zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst was born in 1855 in Venice, and married Prince Alexander von Thurn und Taxis (1851–1939) in 1875. She spent a large part of her youth in Italy, and died at Schloss Lautschein in 1934. See Hans Friedrich von Ehrenkrook (ed.),
Genealogisches Handbuch der Fürstlichen Häuser
, vol. 1 (Glücksberg, 1951), p. 432.

21.
Thurn und Taxis-Hohenlohe,
Jugenderinnerungen
, p. 76.

22.
Franz Erwin von Ingelheim, born in 1812, was the fourth son of the Imperial Austrian and Royal Bavarian privy councilor Friedrich Karl Joseph von Ingelheim. He died in 1845. See Harald Kohtz, “Von Ingelheim. Ritter—Freiherren—Grafen,” in François Lachenal/Harald T. Weise (ed.),
Ingelheim am Rhein 774–1974. Geschichte und Gegenwart
(Ingelheim am Rhein 1974) pp. 299–312 (family tree p. 308); Josef Meyer (ed.),
Das große Conversations-Lexikon für die gebildeten Stände
15 (1850), p. 1019.

23.
On the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Prince Karl, cf. Platte, Hohenlohe-Sigmaringen, pp. 10 and 17 (family tree); Gustav Schilling,
Geschichte des Hauses Hohenzollern in genealogisch fortlaufenden Biographien aller seiner Regenten von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, nach Urkunden und andern authentischen Quellen
(Leipzig, 1843), pp. 300–306.

24.
Contract between Katharina von Hohenzollern and Prince Karl Anton von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, February 5, 1854; HZA Archiv Waldenburg Wa 270, smaller estates 206.

25.
Cf. Alfred Hillengass,
Die Gesellschaft vom heiligen Herzen Jesu
(Société du Sacré Cœur de Jésus). Eine kirchenrechtliche Untersuchung (Kirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen 89) (Stuttgart, 1917); Provinzial-Correspondenz 22 (1873), online:
www.zefys.
staatsbibliothek-berlin
.de/amtspresse/ansicht/issue/9838247/1856/4/
(6/27/2012)

26.
Quoted in Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 68.

27.
Ibid., p. 70.

28.
Ibid., p. 69. On Reisach’s elevation to cardinal, cf. Garhammer,
Erhebung
, pp. 80–101.

29.
Katharina’s stay in the pope’s city even made it into the
Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung
. The paper reported her presence in Rome, saying she was “received by His Holiness in the Vatican with great honor.” Cf.
Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung
, no. 197, October 24, 1857, p. 4743. The writer was the philologist Albert Dressel in Rome, according to the editors’ copy in the DLA. The “Palazzo alle Quattro Fontane” probably refers to the Palazzo Albani del Drago, which stands at the crossroads of the Via delle Quattro Fontane and the Via XX Settembre.

30.
Cf. Schlemmer,
Gustav
, pp. 373–415; Weber,
Kardinäle
, vol. I, pp. 306–28 and elsewhere; Wolf,
Eminenzen
, pp. 110–36; Wolf,
Gustav
, pp. 350–75. Katharina’s father was Karl Albrecht, the third Prince zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1776–1843). Gustav Adolf’s father was Franz Joseph zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1787–1841). Franz Joseph and Karl Albrecht were cousins, and their fathers were brothers, making Gustav Adolf and Katharina second cousins. Cf.
Genealogisch-historisch-statistischer Almanach
17 (1840), pp. 432–40.

31.
Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst was born in 1819, and was made minister of Bavaria in 1866. He was the president of the Bavarian Council of Ministers until 1870. In 1871 he became a member of the Reichstag, and served as the German ambassador in Paris from 1874 to 1885. From 1894 to 1900, he was the German imperial chancellor. He died in 1901. Cf. Stalmann,
Fürst Chlodwig
.

32.
Diepenbrock was born in 1798, and was ordained a priest in 1823. He became prince-bishop of Breslau in 1845, was made a cardinal in 1850, and died in 1853. Cf. Erwin Gatz, “Diepenbrock,” in Gatz (ed.),
Bischöfe
, pp. 686–92.

33.
Döllinger was born in 1799. After his ordination in 1822, he became a professor of canon law and church history, first in Aschaffenburg, and then in Munich. He was excommunicated in 1871, after speaking out against the infallibility of the pope to the priesthood. He died in 1890. Cf. Bischof,
Theologie
.

34.
Schulte,
Lebenserinnerungen
, vol. 1, p. 49.

35.
Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 70.

36.
Thurn und Taxis-Hohenlohe,
Jugenderinnerungen
, pp. 75–76.

37.
Cf. Zingeler,
Katharina
, p. 73. This was a community of Salesian Sisters of the Order of the Visitation, the Ordo Visitationis Beatae Mariae Virginis. This Latin name gave rise to the popular term “Visitationists” for these sisters. Cf.
Angelomichele De Spirito and Gaincarlo Rocca, “Visitandine (Ordine della Visitazione),” in
DIP
10 (2003), p. 160. The Visitationists in Rome initially lived in the convent dell’Umilità, next to the Quirinal Palace, before purchasing the Villa Palatina on the hill of the same name in 1857. Cf. “Visitazione della Madonna o Salesiane,” in Moroni,
Dizionario
101 (1851), pp. 145–60, here p. 158; Antonio Nibby,
Itinerario di Roma de delle sue vicinanze
(Rome, 7th ed., 1861), p. 136.

38.
Busch,
Frömmigkeit
, p. 307. Cf. also Menozzi,
Sacro Cuore
, pp. 7–106.

39.
Lempl,
Herz Jesu
, p. 1.

40.
Thurn und Taxis-Hohenlohe,
Jugenderinnerungen
, p. 77.

41.
The postulate (postulatio), in the canon law of religious institutes, is a trial period of convent life before the novitiate. Cf. Albert Gauthier, “Postulatio,” in
DIP
7 (1983), pp. 138–41; Dominikus Meier, “Postulat II,” in
LThK
, 3rd ed., vol. 8 (1999), p. 458.

42.
Erlebnisse von S. Ambrogio
; StA Sigmaringen, Dep 39 HS 1 Rubr 53 no. 14 UF 9m, pp.1–4.

43.
Ibid., p. 4. The enclosure was particularly strict for nuns. They were allowed to leave it only in an emergency, and only with the written permission of the bishop—otherwise they were excommunicated. The same punishment befell anyone entering the enclosure without the bishop’s permission, with the exception of the bishop himself, the prelates of the order for the purposes of visitation, the father confessor, the doctor, and craftsmen carrying out repairs. Cf. Raymond Hostie, “Clausura,” in
DIP
2 (1975), pp. 1166–83; Sägmüller,
Kirchenrecht
, pp. 742–43.

44.
Erlebnisse von S. Ambrogio
; StA Sigmaringen, Dep 39 HS 1 Rubr 53 no. 14 UF 9m, p.6.

45.
On the forms of devotion in nineteenth-century Italy, see Zovatto (ed.),
Storia
, pp. 478–532.

46.
The toothbrush came into use at the end of the seventeenth century, and became particularly popular among the upper classes. It was only at the start of the eighteenth century that dentists recognized its worth, though it still wasn’t widely used. Cf. Rudolf Hintze,
Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zahnbürste und anderer Mittel zur Mund- und Zahnpflege
(Berlin, 1930), pp. 32–53.