The Longest August (72 page)

47
. Bruce Riedel, “American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit at Blair House,” Occasional Paper No. 17, Fifth Annual Fellows' Lecture, April 17, 2002,
http://media.sas.upenn.edu/casi/docs /research/papers/Riedel_2002.pdf
.

48
. Malik Zahoor Ahmad, “The Unsung Hero of Kargil,”
News International
(Karachi), February 20, 2013.

49
. Ibid.

50
. Zahoor Ahmad, “The Unsung Hero of Kargil.”

51
. A. G. Noorani, “Kargil Diplomacy,”
Frontline
(Chennai), July 31–August 13, 1999.

52
. Riedel, “American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit.”

53
. Cited in Graham Bowley and Jane Perlez, “Musharraf Prepares to Drop Army Role,”
New York Times
, November 28, 2007.

54
. Dilip Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 107.

55
. Cited in Noorani, “The Truth About the Lahore Summit.”

56
. “Pak Army Defeated by Indian Media,” December 15, 2013,
http://defence.pk/threads/pak -army-defeated-by-indian-media.291310
. Major General Muhammad Azam Asif's essay on the media was part of the biennial
Green Book
, published by the Pakistani Army for serving officers; the 2010 edition focused on information warfare.

57
. Rajiv Tikoo, “The Larger Than Life Director,”
Financial Express
, February 19, 2000.

58
. Ihsan Aslam, “Bollywood's Kargil,”
Daily Times
(Lahore), June 24, 2004.

59
. “Prominent Writer, Actor, Rauf Khalid Dies in Road Accident,”
Dawn
(Karachi), November 25, 2011.

60
. Cited in Dilip Hiro,
War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response
(London: Routledge, 2002), 285.

61
. Ibid., 277.

62
. James Risen and Judith Miller, “Pakistani Intelligence Had Links to Al Qaeda, U.S. Officials Say,”
New York Times
, October 29, 2001.

63
. Ansar Abbasi, “Musharraf Had Given Authority to Three Generals to Overthrow Nawaz,”
News
(Karachi), October 27, 2013.

64
. “How the 1999 Pakistan Coup Unfolded,” BBC News, August 23, 2007.

65
. Gwen Ifill, “Pakistan After Coup,”
PBS Newshour
, October 19, 1999; “Transcript of Address to the Nation in English by the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of the Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf,” Pakistan News Service, October 12, 1999.

66
. Of the 545 members, 2 belonging to the Anglo-Indian community are nominated by the president of the Republic of India.

67
. Sanjoy Majumder, “India Wary of Pakistan Army,” BBC News, October 13, 1999.

68
. Zahid Hussain, “Freed Militant Surfaces,” Associated Press, January 5, 2000.

Chapter 15: General Musharraf Buckles Under US Pressure

1
. “Jammu and Kashmir Backgrounder,” South Asia Terrorism Portal, 2001,
http://www.satp.org /satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/backgrounder/index.html
.

2
. Jonathan Marcus, “Analysis: The World's Most Dangerous Place?,” BBC News, March 23, 2000.

3
. Mike Wooldridge, “Analysis: Clinton's Disappointments in South Asia,” BBC News, March 26, 2000.

4
. Bill Sammon, “Clinton Uses Decoy Flight for Security,”
Washington Times
, March 26, 2000; James Risen and Judith Miller, “Pakistani Intelligence Had Links to Al Qaeda, U.S. Officials Say,”
New York Times
, October 29, 2001.

5
. “Clinton Addresses Pakistani People,” CNN, March 25, 2000.

6
. “Pakistan Court Limits Army Rule,” BBC News, May 12, 2000.

7
. Sridhar Krishnaswami, “Vajpayee's American Yatra,”
Frontline
(Chennai), September 30–October 13, 2000.

8
. “Annan's No to UN Resolution on Kashmir,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), March 11, 2001.

9
. “Activities of Secretary-General in India, 15–18 March 2001,” United Nations, 2001,
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sgt2270R.doc.htm
.

10
. Aijaz Ahmad, “Of What Went Wrong at Agra,”
Frontline
(Chennai), July 21–August 3, 2001.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Rahul Bedi, “The Tel Aviv Connection Grows,”
India Together
, July 26, 2002,
http://www.india together.org/govt/military/articles/isrlbuy02.htm
.

13
. Ed Blanche, “Mutual Threat of Islamic Militancy Allies Israel and India,”
Jane's Terrorism and Security Monitor
, August 14, 2001.

14
. “Text of Bush's Act of War Statement,” BBC News, September 12, 2001.

15
. Dilip Hiro,
War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response
(London: Routledge, 2002), 314.

16
. Jane Perlez, “A Pakistani Envoy in Britain Defuses Cultural Land Mines,”
New York Times
, August 4, 2007.

17
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 314n38.

18
. Ibid., 314n36.

19
. Ibid., 314n37.

20
. Rory McCarthy, “Pakistani Leader's Attempt to Rein in Militants Is Met with Defiance,”
Guardian
(London), May 26, 2002.

21
. “Context of September 15, 2001: Head of ISI Argues Pakistan Should Side with Taliban, but Musharraf Agrees to Help US as Opportunistic Necessity,” History Commons, n.d.,
http://www.history commons.org/context.jsp?item=a0901musharrafmeeting
.

22
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 315n40.

23
. “Musharraf Rallies Pakistan,” BBC News, September 19, 2001.

24
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 315n39.

25
. Ibid., 315.

26
. Ibid., 316n42.

27
. “Militants Attack Kashmir Assembly,” BBC News, October 1, 2001.

28
. “Indian Parliament Attack Kills 12,” BBC News, December 13, 2001.

29
. Steve Coll, “The Stand-Off: How Jihadi Groups Helped Provoke the Twenty-First Century's First Nuclear Crisis,”
New Yorker
, February 13, 2006.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 374n3.

32
. “2002—Kashmir Crisis,” Global Security, 2011,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world /war/kashmir-2002.htm
.

33
. “International Concern over Danger of Conflict in South Asia,”
Disarmament Diplomacy
62 (January–February 2002).

34
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 380; “Pakistan Moves Nuclear Weapons,”
Washington Post
, November 11, 2001.

35
. Praveen Swami, “Gen. Padmanabhan Mulls over Lessons of Operation Parakram,”
Hindu
, February 6, 2004.

36
. Coll, “The Stand-Off.”

37
. Cited in Hiro,
War Without End
, 381.

38
. Javed Naqvi, “Musharraf Offers Sustained Talks: Handshake with Vajpayee Charms SAARC,”
Dawn
(Karachi), January 6, 2002.

39
. Sridhar Krishnaswami, “A Balancing Act,”
Frontline
(Chennai), January 19–February 1, 2002.

40
. Cited in Scott D. Sagan, “The Evolution of India and Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine,” speech to the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, May 7, 2008,
http://belfercenter .ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Sagan_MTA_Talk_050708.pdf
.

41
. Hiro,
War Without End
, 382; Ahmed Rashid,
Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism Is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia
(London: Allen Lane, 2008 / New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 146.

42
. Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,
Deception: Pakistan, the United States and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Walker & Company, 2007), 323.

Chapter 16: Nuclear-Armed Twins, Eyeball-to-Eyeball

1
. “2002—Kashmir Crisis,” Global Security, 2011,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world /war/kashmir-2002.htm
.

2
. When India Almost Went to War with Pakistan,” Inside Story
(blog),
Hindustan Times
, November 2, 2011,
http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/inside-story/2011/11/02/when-india-went-to-war-with -pakistan-twice/
.

3
. Steve Coll, “The Stand-Off: How Jihadi Groups Helped Provoke the Twenty-First Century's First Nuclear Crisis,”
New Yorker
, February 13, 2006.

4
. 2002—Kashmir Crisis.”

5
. Coll, “The Stand-Off.”

6
. Cited in Scott D. Sagan, “The Evolution of India and Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine,” speech to the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, May 7, 2008,
http://belfercenter .ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Sagan_MTA_Talk_050708.pdf
.

7
. See Chapter 14, p. 279.

8
. “India Draft Nuclear Doctrine,”
Disarmament Diplomacy
39
(July–August 1999).

9
. Mark Fitzpatrick, A. I. Nikitin, and Sergey Oznobishchev, eds.,
Nuclear Doctrines and Strategies: National Policies and International Security
(Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2008), 131.

10
. Cited in Sagan, “The Evolution of India and Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine.”

11
. “Musharraf Refuses to Renounce First Use of Nuclear Weapons,”
Irish Examiner
, June 5, 2002.

12
. Coll, “The Stand-Off.”

13
. “Leaders Agree on Using Peaceful Means: Putin,”
Dawn
(Karachi), June 4, 2002; “Musharraf Refuses to Renounce First Use of Nuclear Weapons.”

14
. “Almaty Summit Leads to Creation of Asian Security Organization,” Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, June 4, 2002,
http://prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com /Special_Report_CICA.html
.

15
. Coll, “The Stand-Off.”

16
. “2002—Kashmir Crisis.”

17
. “Joint Indo-US Naval Exercise,” BBC News, May 5, 2002.

18
. “Powell Press Conference in New Delhi, July 28, 2002,”
http://www.usembassy.it/viewer/article .asp?article=/file2002_07/alia/A2072601.htm&plaintext=1
.

19
. Ela Dutt, “Pervez Firm on Ending Infiltration: Powell,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), August 1, 2002.

20
. Dilip Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 111.

21
. Aditi Phadnis, “Parakram Cost Put at Rs 6,500 Crore,”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), January 16, 2003.

22
. Praveen Swami, “Gen. Padmanabhan Mulls over Lessons of Operation Parakram,”
Hindu
, February 6, 2004.

23
. Prime Minister's Office, “Cabinet Committee on Security Reviews Progress in Operationalizing India's Nuclear Doctrine,” press release, January 4, 2003,
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003 /rjan2003/04012003/r040120033.html
.

24
. Pronounced
jiiyo
in Urdu,
Geo
means “keep living.”

25
. Amy Waldman, “Pakistan TV: A New Look at the News,”
New York Times
, January 25, 2004.

26
. Reporters Sans Frontières, “Pakistan—2003 Annual Report,”
http://archives.rsf.org/article.php 3?id_article=6480
.

27
. Husain Haqqani,
Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), 260.

28
. Of the 342 National Assembly seat, 271 were contested, with the remainder allocated to different groups according to the popularly won places.

29
. Haqqani,
Pakistan
, 306, citing his interview with an ISI official in Islamabad in January 2005.

30
. Suman Guha Mozumder, “Not Keen to Meet Vajpayee: Musharraf,”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), September 25, 2003.

31
. “Near Miss for Musharraf Convoy,” BBC News, December 14, 2003.

32
. Salman Masood, “Pakistani Leader Escapes Attempt at Assassination,”
New York Times
, December 26, 2003.

33
. Bill Roggio, “Assassination Attempt Against Pakistan's President,”
Long War Journal
, July 6, 2007.

34
. “2002—Kashmir Crisis.”

35
. “Chief Minister Hails Musharraf's Statement,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), December 19, 2003.

36
. “Musharraf Says History Made Between India and Pakistan,”
Daily Jang
(Islamabad), January 6, 2004.

37
. T. R. Ramachandran, “Need to Understand Each Other's Concerns, Says PM,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), January 5, 2004.

38
. “Did Brajesh Mishra Meet ISI Chief?,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), January 6, 2004.