The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu (54 page)

tongue in, 161–62,
161
, 165, 181

Propre Newe Booke of Cokerye
, 175

pumpkin pie, recipe for, 89

punch, 2, 30, 36, 57, 155

Puritans, 66–67

Purver, Matt, 48

Quantal Theory of Speech
(K. Stevens), 181

quince paste, 146–47

Qingming Festival, 130

Rabelais, François, 136

rakia
, 65, 66, 76

Ramayana, 152

Rand, Sally, 28

Rashi, 135

Raspberry shrub, recipe for, 155–56

Rath, Eric C., 46

ravioli, 134, 204

recipes:

world’s oldest, 73, 76

see also specific recipes

red rice wine, 49–50, 76

chicken recipe for, 52

refined foods, 5, 117, 129

refrigeration, development of, 128, 148, 151–55,
153

regression (statistical tool), 101, 112

relevé
(remove), 25–26

Republic
(Plato), 130

resonance, 164–65

restaurant reviews:

author’s linguistic study of, 5, 92–106

negative, 95–100

positive, 96, 100–106

restaurants:

chain, 17

ethnic and cultural variety in, 14, 33–34, 48

linguistic clues to status and cost of, 7–20, 191

linguistics in evaluation of, 92–106

see also specific establishments

Rhubarb syrup, recipe for, 148

rice, fermented red, 55–56

Richard II, King of England, 70

roast course, 25–26, 31

Robert, Master, 43

Roden, Claudia, 148

Roger I, King of Sicily, 132

Roger II, King of Sicily, 132,
132
, 134–35

Rome, ancient, 53, 72, 123, 148

Romeo and Juliet
(Shakespeare), 159

Routledge, Bryan, 10, 93

Rozin, Elizabeth, 182

rum, 56, 57, 59, 155

Sahagún, Bernardino de, 80

sailors, culinary contribution of, 40, 46–47, 54, 56, 57, 62, 188

Saison, 7, 11

saison
, 129

salad, 5, 30, 183

first recipe for, 123

as term, 123–24

salad course, 179, 184

salsa
, 5, 123, 124

salsa en polvo, 64

salsa verde, recipe for, 125

salt, 5, 181, 182

and flour, 117–18

in freezing, 146, 154–55, 157

linguistic history of, 123–29

as preservative, 47, 50, 54, 55, 127–28

sour, 182

-sugar balance, 108

salt cod, 128

salting, salted, 47, 50, 54, 55, 127–28

as term, 95, 123

saltpeter (potassium nitrate), 151, 153–54, 157–58

Salt Sugar Fat
(Moss), 107

sandwich cookies, 141

San Francisco, 62, 78

celebrations and festivals in, 107, 116, 130, 144, 188

Chinese in, 49, 65, 107, 116, 130, 188

culinary culture of, 7, 21, 23–24, 28–30, 33, 35–36, 48, 64–65, 66, 77, 82, 92, 93, 117, 126, 128, 171, 181–82, 208

San Francisco earthquake (1906), 28, 30, 126

San Sebastian, Spain, 187–88

Sassanid empire, 36–38, 131, 142

sauce, 5, 124–27

linguistic roots of term, 55, 123, 124

sauerkraut, 124, 127

sausage, 127

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 161

Scheel, Mrs., 132–33

Scotland, 56, 147

Scott, Edmund, 56–57, 62, 196

seafood, 35–36, 44, 188

see also
fish

seasonings, 129

secondi
, 34

semantic bleaching, 55, 94–95

semolina, 122

September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, 99

sex, as metaphor for foods, 5, 94, 100–104

“Shahnameh, The,” 38

Shakespeare, William, 67, 86, 121, 159, 175

Shakur, Tupac, 77

Shannon, Claude, 13

sharbat, 155, 158, 185, 189

recipe for, 148–49

sheker
, 73–75

sherbet, 143, 148–52, 154, 159, 185, 188

powders and tablets, 149–50, 156–57

roots of term, 148, 155, 156

Shesgreen, Sean, 100

shikaru
, 73, 76

shikker
, 65, 66, 75–76

Shilling Cookery for the People
(Soyer), 47–48

shrub (drink), 155–56

Sibawayhi, 12–13

Sicily, culinary contributions from, 130–31, 134–36, 142, 152, 174, 188

sikb
j
:

culinary history of, 2–3, 35–48,
41
, 122, 130, 131, 143, 172, 185, 189

recipes for, 39, 40–42

silver, 62

silver reals, 36, 57, 62, 63

Simmel, Georg, 143

Simmons, Amelia, 89, 147

simnel cake, 122

siqqu
, 53

slave trade, 91, 128, 157

slivovitz
, 65

Slobin, Dan, 168

smell perception:

synesthesia in, 168

vocabulary for, 96–98

smiles, origin of, 144, 169–70, 189

Smith, Eliza, 26,
27

Smith, Noah, 10, 93

Smitten, 144

Snickers bars, 131

snow, in cooling, 141, 148, 154, 157

“social stage model of coping,” 99

sociedad gastronómica
, 187

Socrates, 160

sodas, 144, 157

soft drinks, 3

sole meunière
, 123

Sophocles, 78, 87

sops, 69–70, 120

sorbets, as term, 146, 155, 156, 157, 206

sound symbolism, 161–67

visual experiment in, 166

soup course, 25, 28, 30

sourdough, 117, 129, 208

sourness, 156–57, 181

cultural variations in, 182

Southern Barbarian Cookbook
, 45–46, 194

soy, 53, 55, 59

sauce, 51

Soyer, Alexis, 47

Spain:

culinary contributions from, 3, 42–43, 49, 53, 123, 131, 132, 146, 152, 187–88

New World conquest by, 43–44, 63, 80–84, 91

Spence, Charles, 166–67

spice trade, 83–84

spirits, distilled, 56–57

status, markers of, 5, 7–20, 29, 33, 110–16, 118–19, 134, 142, 143, 150, 159

“status anxiety,” 18

Stevens, Ken, 181

Stevens, Wallace, 170

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 63

stills, 56, 75,
75

stories, negative emotions expressed through, 98–99

Strabo, 127

Strauss, Susan, 103

Streit’s, 140

strident sounds, 167

sugar, 2, 73, 77, 128, 134, 139, 155, 174–76, 181–82

craving for, 102

palm, 181–82

-salt balance, 108

Sumatra, 56–57

supper, linguistic roots of, 70, 189

sushi, 47, 51, 63

sexual association of, 102

Sutro, Adolph, 30

Sutro baths, 30

sweet:

in Chinese cooking, 180

cultural variations in, 181–82

and savory, 174–75, 177, 182, 185

and sour, 38, 61, 182, 185

sweets, 131–34, 173–75, 181

see also
dessert

synesthesia, synesthesic hypothesis, 168–70

syrups, 3, 147–49, 155, 157, 181, 188

Tadich Grill, 35

tafaya
, 173–74

Tai-Kadai, 50–51

Tajín, 64

tamales,
80
, 82, 92, 116

Tang dynasty, 151

tapas, 188

taquerias, 92

Taqueria Vallarta, 92

tartaric acid, 157

Taste of Country Cooking, The
(Lewis), 91

taste perception:

cultural variation in, 181–82

synesthesia in, 168

vocabulary for, 96

tempura, 36, 46, 48, 49

Texas Pecan Pie, 89

texture perception, vocabulary of, 103

Tezcatlipoca (trickster god), 79

Thailand, 50, 51, 53, 182

Thanksgiving, 28, 35, 78, 88–91, 177

“Things That Can Never Come Back, Are Several, The” (Dickinson), 139

Times of London
, 47