Authors: Martin Gilbert
The Holocaust (155 page)
Minsk Mazowiecki: resistance in labour camp at,
1
Mir: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
; an escape from (1942),
4
Mira, Gola: her act of defiance,
1
Miroshnik, Konstantin: and the fate of the Jews of Kiev (1941),
1
Miroshnik, Leib: ‘you’ll be reckoned with’,
1
Mirteshet: and a death train (1941),
1
Mishelevski, Elisser: shot (1941),
1
Mishelevski, Lipe: shot (1941),
1
‘Mishka the Tramp’: and an escape,
1
Misocz: mass murder at (1941),
1
Miszczak, Andrzej: and Chelmno death camp,
1
Mitau: mass murder at (1941),
1
Mlawa: a deportation through (1941),
1
; Jews killed in (1942),
2
Moch (a Jew from Mannheim): in custody (1935),
1
Moennikes (a foreman): and a mass execution,
1
,
2
Mogilev: escapees from,
1
; executions in,
2
Mohsbock, Stanislaw: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3
Mokka, Shlomo: escapes from Treblinka,
1
Molczadz: mass murder in (1942),
1
Moll, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: kills children,
1
Molotov, Vyacheslav: replaced by Stalin (1941),
1
Mongolian soldiers: prisoners-of-war, volunteers, at Treblinka,
1
Mongols: Nazis compared with,
1
Monowitz: factory and labour camp at,
1
,
2
,
3
; postcards from,
4
; ‘Our death was sure’ at,
5
; last days at,
6
; a death march from,
7
Montauban, Bishop of: his protest,
1
Monte Cassino: battle of,
1
Moravia:
1
; Jews of, to be placed ‘ahead of the line’,
2
; further deportations planned from (1942),
3
Moravska Ostrava: Jews deported from (1939),
1
; a further deportation from (1943),
2
Mordowicz, Czeslaw: escapes from Auschwitz,
1
,
2
; fights in the Slovak uprising, but captured,
3
Morgen, Konrad: his affidavit,
1
,
2
n.
3
Morgenstern, Serna: killed (1941),
1
Morocco: Jews of,
1
Morocco, Rabbi Abraham: killed (1939),
1
Moscow: Jews travel through (1940),
1
,
2
; Hitler expected to conquer (1941),
3
; Germans approaching,
4
,
5
; Jews born in, deported from Paris to Auschwitz,
6
,
7
; a Jewess born in, deported from Italy (1944),
8
; Jews deported to,
9
Moses: Jews urged to emulate,
1
Moshe (a tinsmith): and a labour camp revolt,
1
Moshkovitz, Elizabeth: rescued, in order to be experimented on,
1
Mostar: escape to,
1
; Italian assurances to the Jews of,
2
Moszkowicz, Daniel: in the Bialystok ghetto revolt,
1
Motyn (at Babi Yar): his courage, and fate (1941),
1
‘Moustache’: kills a Jewish woman (1942),
1
Mozes, Moshe: shot (1939),
1
Muenter (a German police officer): wounded,
1
Muhldorf camp: the struggle to survive in,
1
Mulhouse: deportation of the Rabbi of,
1
Mulik (from Lvov): a survivor,
1
Muller, Filip: recalls ‘the threshold of the gas-chamber’,
1
Muller, Heinrich: Gestapo chief,
1
,
2
; at the Wannsee Conference (20
January 1944),
1
; sends Eichmann to watch mass murder by gassing,
2
Munch, SS First-Lieutenant: and medical experiments,
1
Munich: and the origins of the Nazi Party (1920),
1
; and the expulsion of Jews from Bavaria (1923),
2
; the main synagogue burnt down in (1938),
3
,
4
; Jews deported to Kovno from (1941),
5
; and the ‘final solution’,
6
; fate of a painter born in,
7
; Jews deported from Auschwitz to labour camps in the region of (1944),
8
; and a deception (1944),
9
,
10
; liberation and death near (1945),
11
Munkacs (Mukachevo): Jews try to resist in,
1
; a terrible journey from,
2
; experiments on triplets from,
3
; twins travel towards, after liberation,
4
Mussfeld, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and a medical experiment at Auschwitz,
1
; and the fate of three escapees,
2
Mussolini: invades Greece (1940),
1
; and the Jews,
2
,
3
,
4
; abdicates (1943),
5
Musya (from Minsk): helped by a White Russian woman,
1
Mylner, Gitele: saved,
1
Myshkin, Eliyahu: killed (1941),
1
Myslowice: labour camp at,
1
Nablus: riots in (1933),
1
Nachmanowicz, Miss: raped (1940),
1
Nadel, Simon: shot (1941),
1
Naftel, Consul: commits suicide (1944),
1
Nagyvarad: a letter of re-assurance to,
1
Najberg, Leon: and the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
Najwer (a young Jew from Falenica): murdered (1942),
1
Nakonieczny, Jan: saves Jews,
1
Naliboki: fate of Jews from,
1
Nantes: fate of a Jewess who studied at,
1
Napoleon:
1
Naroch forest: Jews escape to,
1
Narvik: Anglo-French force foiled at (1940),
1
Nastek, Major: killed in action in Warsaw (August 1944),
1
Nathan (from Lvov): ‘no longer among the living’,
1
National Liberation Movement (France): founded by a Jew,
1
Natzweiler: Jews murdered at,
1
; Jews deported to,
2
Nazi Party:
1
; its electoral successes (1928),
2
,
3
; declared the only legal Party in Germany (1933),
4
Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939):
1
; secret clauses of,
2
; and Bialystok,
3
; and Lvov,
4
Ne’eman, Azriel: recalls Dr Mengele,
1
Nella (from Greece): to be revenged,
1
Nemyonov, Mikhail: and an escape from Kovno,
1
; commits suicide,
2
Ner river: and a death camp,
1
; a Jew escapes across,
2
Neu Dachs: labour camp at,
1
Neubenschen:
1
Neuhof, Chaim: and the revolt of Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1
Neumann, Julius: deported (1942),
1
Neumann, Liana: describes a deportation (1941),
1
Neumann, Stephan: a British Army officer,
1
Neumann, Trude: her death (1943),
1
Neumark: torment of sick inmates at,
1
Neusalz: a death march from (1945),
1
,
2
Neustadt-Glowen: liberation at,
1
; last torments at, and liberation,
2
; events at, after liberation,
3
New York: protest in (1933),
1
; further protest in (1938),
2
; and Warsaw,
3
; information about German intentions reaches (1942),
4
; a Jew born in, shot in France for his resistance work (1944),
5
New York Herald Tribune
, the: and the Nuremberg Laws (1935),
1
News Chronicle
, the: horrific report in (1938),
1
Nicolescu, Lieutenant-Colonel C. D.: and the Rumanian occupation of Odessa,
1
Niechcicki, Moshe: his wife refuses to abandon their children,
1
Nieswiez: Red Army withdraws from (1941),
1
; Germans enter,
2
; revolt at (July 1942),
3
,
4
Nikelburg, Dr Aron: dies (1941),
1
Nikolayev: mass murder at (1941),
1
Niska Street (Warsaw): fighting on (January 1943),
1
; more fighting on (April 1943),
2
Nisko: Jewish deportees reach (1939),
1
Nissenbaum, Shmuel: escapes,
1
Nordhausen: United States troops enter (1945),
1
Normandy: Allied landings in (June 1944),
1
; news of, reaches the Lodz ghetto,
2
North Africa: British forces on the defensive in (1941),
1
; punishment camps under Vichy French rule in (1941),
2
; British forces still not masters of (1942),
3
; Allied landings in (1942),
4
Norway: German forces occupy (1940),
1
; no destruction of Jews in (1941),
2
; and the ‘final solution’,
3
,
4
; deportations from (1942),
5
,
6
; protest by Protestant bishops from,
7
Nosov, Sergeant G. G.: his ‘courage’ (1942),
1
Novaki: Jews in liberation of labour camp at,
1
Novi Sad: Jews and Serbs murdered at (1942),
1
Nowakowski, Tadeusz: relates the fate of an escapee,
1
Nowogrodek: mass murder of Jews in (1941),
1
,
2
; rumours of resistance in (1942),
3
; ‘lies’ about resistance in,
4
; an escape from (1942),
5
; Jews from, join partisans,
6
; a further ‘action’ at (1943),
7
; an escape from,
8
Nowogrodzka, Judith: leads a break-out from the Bialystok ghetto,
1
Nowojelna: Jewish partisans near,
1
Nowolipie Street (Warsaw): a Jew killed on (1942),
1
; a Jewess killed on (1942),
2
Nowolipki Street (Warsaw): two Jews killed on (1942),
1
; a deportation round-up on (1942),
2
; a testimony found under (1950),
3
Nowy Sacz: Jews deported from,
1
; death of a woman from,
2
Nowy Targ: five Jews murdered on the way to, after liberation,
1
Nuremberg: death of a Jew from (1933),
1
; Jews ordered to eat grass in (1933),
2
; a six-month sentence meted out in (1934),
3
; anti-Jewish Laws issued from (1935),
4
,
5
,
6
; an anti-Jewish exhibition in (1937),
7
; synagogue destroyed in (1938),
8
; suicides in (1938),
9
; Jews deported to Riga from (1941),
10
,
11
n.
12
Nuremberg Laws (of 1935):
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; introduced to Luxembourg (1940),
5
Nuremberg Tribunal: testimony at,
1
,
2
,
3
Nussenbaum, Eliaz: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3
Nyilas: attack Jews throughout Budapest (1944),
1
,
2
,
3
Nyiszli, Dr Miklos: an eye-witness at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944),
1
,
2
; liberated at Ebensee (1945),
3
Ochsenhorn, Zygmunt: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3
Oder river: death of Jews on marches from (1945),
1
,
2
Odessa: reprisals in (1941),
1
; deportations from (1942),
2
; fate of a Jew born in,
3
; a Jewish partisan shot, in the region of,
4
; fate of an artist born in,
5
; fate of other Jews born in,
6
Oestereicher, Paul: recalls the Berlin mob (1938),
1
Offenbach, Sholem: protects his fellow Jews,
1
Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George: and German treatment of Jews (1938),
1
,
2
Ohlendorf, General: and the use of gas vans,
1
Ohrdruf: mass grave discovered at (1945),
1
O’Leary, Lieutenant-Commander Pat: and the murder of seven Jews at Mauthausen,
1
; and savagery at Mauthausen,
2
Olender, Shmuel Leib: shot (1942),
1
Olga (from Bratislava): and the truth about Auschwitz,
1
Olkiniki: Jewish partisan actions at,
1
Olshak, Shaine: murdered after liberation (1945),
1
Olyka: fate of Jews who escaped from,
1
‘Operation Reinhard’: and the death camps,
1
; in Warsaw,
2
Opoczno: a deportation from,
1
; deception, and a further deportation from,
2
Oppenheimer, Dr Alfred: at Birkenau,
1
; at Gleiwitz,
2
; on a death march,
3
Oradour-sur-Glane: massacre at,
1
Oran: death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz,
1
; execution of a Jew from, for his part in the French resistance,
2
n. 5
Orchestra: at Belzec,
1
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
2
,
3
,
4
Organisation Juif de Combat: and Jewish resistance in France,
1
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists: in Kiev (1941),
1
Oshry, Rabbi: rules against suicide,
1
Oslo: Jews interned near,
1
; Jews deported from,
2
Osowa (Chelm): killings at (1941),
1
Ostend:
1