The History of White People (51 page)

31
Edward James, “Ancient History: Anglo-Saxons,” BBC.co.uk, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml.

32
Tacitus,
Germania
, 214.

CHAPTER 3: WHITE SLAVERY

1
See Robert L. Paquette, “Enslavement, Methods of,” in
Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery
, vol. 1, ed. Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller (New York: Macmillan Reference, 1998), 306,
Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
, ed. Junius P. Rodriguez (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1997), 368–69, and Junius P. Rodridguez,
Chronology of World Slavery
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1999), 51–53.

2
James McKillop, “Patrick, Saint,” in
A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
(Oxford University Press, 1998),
Oxford Reference Online
, http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t70.e3369.

3
David Pelteret, “The Image of the Slave in Some Anglo-Saxon and Norse Sources,”
Slavery and Abolition
23, no. 2 (Aug. 2002): 76, 81–83.

4
Jenny Bourne Wahl, “Economics of Slavery,” in
Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery
, 1:271; Orlando Patterson, “Slavery,”
Annual Review of Sociology
3 (1977): 420.

5
The figures come from the
Domesday Book
of 1086, the Norman census of newly conquered Britain. See Robin Blackburn, “The Old World Background to European Colonial Slavery,” in
The Worlds of Unfree Labor
, ed. Colin Palmer (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998), 90, originally published in
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., S4, no. 1 (1997).

6
See David Turley,
Slavery
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2000): 142–43.

7
Robert Brennan, “The Rises and Declines of Serfdom in Medieval and Early Modern Europe,” and Christopher Dyer, “Memories of Freedom: Attitudes towards Serfdom in England, 1200–1350,” in
Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage
, ed. M. L. Bush (London: Longman, 1996), 271, 277–79.

8
David Brion Davis,
Slavery and Human Progress
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 54–55.

9
Alan Fisher, “Chattel Slavery in the Ottoman Empire,”
Slavery and Abolition
1, no. 1 (May 1980): 34–36; Iris Origo, “The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,”
Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies
30, no. 3 (July 1955): 312–24, 326–27, 337, 354.

10
See Linda Colley,
Captives
(New York: Pantheon, 2002), 47–52, 58, and Robert Davis,
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800
(Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 3–6.

11
“Chapter II-Slavery and Escape” and “Chapter III-Wrecked on a Desert Island,” The Project Gutenberg Etext of Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext96/rbcru10.txt.

12
The phrase “vulnerable aliens” comes from M. I. Finley, quoted in Blackburn, “Old World Background to European Colonial Slavery,” 111.

13
J. H. Galloway,
The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 11, 22–23; J. H. Galloway, “The Mediterranean Sugar Industry,”
Geographical Review
67, no. 2 (April 1977): 180–81, 189–90.

14
Sidney W. Mintz,
Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
(New York: Viking, 1985), 23–24, 28.

15
Blackburn, “Old World Background to European Colonial Slavery,” 83–84, and Galloway, “Mediterranean Sugar Industry,” 180–90.

16
See Davis,
Slavery and Human Progress
, 56.

17
Galloway,
Sugar Cane Industry
, 27, 31, 32, 42. Historians disagree on the degree to which Mediterranean slavery and Latin American–Caribbean slavery resembled each other. While Blackburn stresses the differences between the two slaveries, in scale permitted by plantation agriculture and capitalist processing and distribution and in ideology, Galloway and Mintz emphasize the similarities.

18
See Don Jordan and Michael Walsh,
White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America
(New York: New York University Press, 2008), 76–77.

19
Ibid., 84–85.

20
Ibid., 76, 171.

21
Ibid., 114–15.

22
Historical Encyclopedia of Slavery
, 369.

23
See Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 236, A. Roger Ekirch,
Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 125, and Grady McWhiney,
Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), xiv.

24
Ekirch,
Bound for America
, 1, 26–27, 135, 139, 193; Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton,
Eighteenth Century Criminal Transportation: The Formation of the Criminal Atlantic
(Houndsmills, UK: Palgrave, 2004), 5, 7, 1; David W. Galenson, “Indentured Servitude,” in
A Historical Guide to World Slavery
, ed. Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 239.

25
See Michael A. Hoffman II,
They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America
, 4th ed. (Coeur d’Alene, Idaho: Independent History & Research Co., 1991), 6, 14, 39.

CHAPTER 4: WHITE SLAVERY AS BEAUTY IDEAL

1
François Bernier, “A New Division of the Earth,” originally published anonymously in
Journal des Sçavans
, 24 April 1684, trans. T. Bendyshe, in
Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London
1 (1863–64): 360–64, in
The Idea of Race
, ed. Robert Bernasconi and Tommy L. Lott (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000), 2–4.

2
This information comes from an audio recording of Dirk van der Cruysse speaking at the University of Paris IV (Sorbonne) on 13 Feb. 1999, available through the website of the Centre de Recherche sur la Littérature des Voyages, at http://www.crlv.org/outils/encyclopedie/afficher.php?encyclopedie_id=13. See also van der Cruysse,
Chardin le Persan
(Paris: Editions Fayard, 1998). The discussion of improving Persians’ looks through intermarriage with Georgians and Circassians is at http://www.iranian.com/Travelers/ June97/Chardin/index.shtml. See also Georgette Legée, “Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840): La Naissance de l’anthropologie à l’epoque de la Révolution Française,” in
Scientifiques et sociétés pendant la Révolution et l’Empire
(Paris: Editions du CTHS, 1990), 403.

3
Journal du Voyage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse & aux Indes Orientales, par la Mer Noire & par la Colchide
(
The Travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies, 1673–1677
) (London: Moses Pitt, 1686), 78, 81–82. My translation.

4
Ibid., 70, 77, 80, 82.

5
Ibid., 105–6, 82–83.

6
Ibid., 105.

7
Ibid., 183, 204–5.

8
http://kaukasus.blogspot.com/ 2007/04/young- georgian-girl.htm and http://www.flickr.com/photos/ 24298774@N00/108738272, http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/Image:Ossetiangirl1883.jpg, Corliss Lamont,
The Peoples of the Soviet Union
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946), facing 79.

9
See Londa Schiebinger,
Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), 129–39, and “The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science,”
Eighteenth-Century Studies
23, no. 4 (Summer 1990): 401.

10
See Pierre H. Boulle, “François Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race,” in
The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France
, ed. Sue Peabody and Tyler Edward Stovall (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 11.

11
See Amjad Jaimoukha,
The Circassians: A Handbook
(Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2001), 16, 168–69.

12
Oxford English Dictionary Online
, http/dictionary.oed.com/cgi/ entry/00330118= 3fsingle=3d1&query _type=3dword&queryword =3dodalisque&first =3d1&max_to_show=3d10.

13
Immanuel Kant,
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime
(1763), trans. John T. Goldthwait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 89.

14
Johann Gottfried von Herder,
Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity
(1:256), quoted in Cedric Dover, “The Racial Philosophy of Johann Herder,”
British Journal of Sociology
3, no. 2 (June 1952): 127 (emphasis in original).

15
Edward Daniel Clarke,
Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa
(London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1810–23), 1:35–36.

16
Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 55–56, 120, 193, 162, 202, 536–39, 605.

17
See “Horrible Traffic in Circassian Women—Infanticide in Turkey,”
New York Daily Times
, 6 Aug. 1856, http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/311/. See “Letter from P. T. Barnum to John Greenwood, 1864,” http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/312. Barnum exhibited a woman purported to be a Circassian beauty and example of racial purity in 1865. This information comes from “The Lost Museum” website of American Social History Productions, Inc., George Mason University and the City University of New York. See also Sarah Lewis, “Effecting Incredulity: Comic Retraction as Racial Critique in the Circassian Beauty Spectacle,” paper given at the 20th James A. Porter Colloquium on African American Art, Howard University, 18 April 2009.

18
Classic Encyclopedia Online
, http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Circassia.

19
See Joan DelPlato,
Multiple Wives, Multiple Pleasures: Representing the Harem, 1800–1875
(Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002), 22–25, 230–39, and Linda Nochlin, “The Imaginary Orient,” in
The Politics of Vision: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Art and Society
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 33–59.