The End of Men and the Rise of Women (40 page)

One of the bombers was “emotionally distressed”:
Andrew E. Kramer, “Russia’s Fear of Female Bombers Is Revived,”
The New York Times
, March 29, 2010.

:
“Women, we are told, become suicide bombers”:
Lindsey A. O’Rourke, “Behind the Woman Behind the Bomb,”
The New York Times
, August 2, 2008.

In her dissertation, O’Rourke discovered:
Lindsey A. O’Rourke, “What’s Special about Female Suicide Terrorism?”
Security Studies
18, no. 4 (2009): 681–718.

sociologists at Princeton conducted an experiment:
Jenifer R. Lightdale and Deborah A. Prentice, “Rethinking Sex Differences in Aggression: Aggressive Behavior in the Absence of Social Roles,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
20, no. 1 (1994): 34–44.

the “hot sauce” study:
Holly A. McGregor et. al, “Terror Management and Aggression: Evidence that Mortality Salience Motivates Aggression against Worldview-Threatening Others,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
74, no. 3 (1998): 590–605.

women “increasingly reported masculine-stereotyped personality traits”:
Jean M. Twenge, “Changes in Masculine and Feminine Traits Over Time: A Meta-Analysis,”
Sex Roles
36, no. 5/6 (1997): 305–325.

In 2001, Twenge analyzed personality tests:
Jean M. Twenge, “Changes in Women’s Assertiveness in Response to Status and Roles: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 1931–1993,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
81, no. 1 (2001): 133–145.

A 1999 analysis of 150 studies on risk-taking behaviors:
James P. Byrnes, David C. Miller, and William D. Schafer, “Gender Differences in Risk Taking: A Meta-Analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin
125, no. 3 (1999): 367–383.

To measure rates of competitiveness:
Uri Gneezy, Kenneth L. Leonard, and John A. List, “Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal Society,”
Econometrica
77, no. 5 (2009): 1637–1664.

a phase of “new, more conscious acceptance:”
Maud Lavin,
Push
Comes to Shove: New Images of Aggressive Women
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), p. 16.

In her essay “Throwing Like a Girl”:
Iris Marion Young, “Throwing Like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment, Motility, and Spatiality,” in
On Female Body Experience: “Throwing Like a Girl” and Other Essays
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 27.

the “career cost of family” in various elite workplaces:
Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, “The Career Cost of Family,” Sloan Conference Focus on Flexibility, November 30, 2010. http://workplaceflexibility.org/images/uploads/program_papers/goldin_-_the_career_cost_of_family.pdf.

a “complete waste of time”:
Ken Auletta, “A Woman’s Place,”
The New Yorker
, July 11, 2011.

“I’m sick of hearing how far we’ve come”:
Barbara Kellerman, “The Abiding Tyranny of the Male Leadership Model—A Manifesto,”
Harvard Business Review,
April 27, 2010.

Nationwide, about one in eighteen women:
Carol Morello and Dan Keating, “More U.S. Women Pull Down Big Bucks,”
The Washington Post
, October 7, 2010.

“Women are knocking on the door of leadership”:
David Gergen, foreword to
Enlightened Power: How Women Are Transforming the Practice of Leadership
, ed. Linda Coughlin, Ellen Wingard, and Keith Hollihan (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005), p. xxi.

“post-heroic” or “transformational”:
James MacGregor Burns,
Leadership
(New York: Harper & Row, 1978).

calls the new style “meta-leadership”:
Rebecca Blumenstein, “Tales from the Front Lines,”
The Wall Street Journal
, April 10, 2011.

A 2008 study attempted to quantify the effect:
Cristian L. Deszö and David Gaddis Ross, “‘Girl Power’: Does Female Representation in Top Management Improve Firm Performance?” Robert H. Smith School Research Paper No. RHS 06-104, August 2008.

as the Internet boom was deflating:
Brad M. Barber and Terrance Odean, “Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence, and Common
Stock Investment,”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
116, No. 1 (February 2001): 261–292.

:
“One of the distinctive traits about Iceland’s disaster”:
Michael Lewis,
Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011), p. 37.

a “strong feeling in [her] stomach”:
Halla Tomasdottir, “A Feminine Response to Iceland’s Financial Crash,” TEDWomen Talk, December 2010. http://www.ted.com/talks/halla_tomasdottir.html.

The New York Times
came up with a novel and very relatable explanation:
Jessica Silver-Greenberg and Nelson G. Schwartz, “Discord at Key JPMorgan Unit is Faulted in Loss,”
The New York Times,
May 19, 2012.

:
follows a thousand star analysts:
Boris Groysberg,
Chasing Stars: The Myth of Talent and the Portability of Performance
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012).

Fortune
used her as the lead in a 2002 story:
David Rynecki, “In Search of the Last Honest Analyst,”
Fortune
, June 10, 2002.

Krawcheck once joked in an interview:
Rynecki, “In Search.”

The Wall Street Journal
reported:
Carol Hymowitz, “Crossing the Boss,”
The Wall Street Journal
, May 20, 2008.

Economist Linda Babcock hit upon a fairly simple explanation:
Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever,
Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).

Babcock’s research helped spawn an industry:
Lois P. Frankel,
Nice Girls Don’t Get the Corner Office: 101 Unconscious Mistakes Women Make That Sabotage Their Careers
(New York: Warner Business Books, 2004); Gail Evans,
Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman: What Men Know about Success That Women Need to Learn
(New York: Broadway Books, 2000); and Lois P. Frankel,
Stop Sabotaging Your Career: 8 Proven Strategies to Succeed—In Spite of Yourself
(New York: Warner Business Books, 2007).

Babcock and Sara Laschever wrote their own version:
Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever,
Ask For It: How Women Can Use the Power of Negotiation to Get What They Really Want
(New York: Bantam Dell, 2008).

In one scenario, some colleagues:
Madeline E. Heilman and Julie J. Chen, “Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions to Men’s and Women’s Altruistic Citizenship Behavior,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
90, no. 3 (2005): 431–441.

Perhaps the most dispiriting experiment was conducted:
Madeline E. Heilman, Aaron S. Wallen, Daniella Fuchs, and Melinda M. Tamkins, “Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
89, no. 3 (2004): 416–427.

A few years later, Heilman came up with one:
Madeline E. Heilman and Tyler G. Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks?”
Journal of Applied Psychology
92, no. 1 (2007): 81–92.

In 2011, researcher Hannah Riley Bowles:
Hannah Riley Bowles and Linda Babcock, “Relational Accounts: A Strategy for Women Negotiating for Higher Compensation,” invited resubmission to
Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes
, 2011.

describes her own inept attempts at asking:
Mika Brzezinski,
Knowing Your Value: Women, Money, and Getting What You’re Worth
(New York: Weinstein Books, 2011).

We know, from a long-term study of Chicago:
Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin, and Lawrence F. Katz, “Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors,”
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
2, no. 3 (2010): 228–255.

Do women lack ambition?:
Anna Fels, “Do Women Lack Ambition?”
Harvard Business Review
9, no. 4 (2004): 50–60.

perfectly articulated in a column by Michael Lewis:
Michael Lewis, “How to Put Your Wife Out of Business,”
Los Angeles Times
, March 6, 2005.

This is an economy where single childless women:
Analysis of Census Bureau American Community Survey data by Reach Advisors’ James Chung and Sally Johnstone, “A Glimpse into the Postcrash Environment,”
Urban Land,
March/April 2010: “When analyzing the incomes of single women in their 20s compared to single men in their 20s, women earn 105 percent of what their male counterparts earn in the average metropolitan market.”

I wrote a story in
The Atlantic:
Hanna Rosin, “The Case Against Breast-Feeding,”
The Atlantic
, April 2009.

since 1995, women have almost doubled the amount of time:
Garey Ramey and Valerie A. Ramey, “The Rug Rat Race,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2010.

a comprehensive 2006 study by the National Institute of Child Health:
“The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Findings for Children up to Age 4 1/2 Years,” National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, January 2006. http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/upload/seccyd_051206.pdf.

:
points out that a father’s involvement is the critical factor:
Sharon Meers and Joanna Strober,
Getting to 50/50: How Working Couples Can Have It All by Sharing It All
(New York: Bantam Dell, 2009).

a massive Department of Education study, a child’s grades:
“Fathers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Schools,” National Center for Education Statistics 98-091, September 1997, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/fathers/.

memorable phrase “Don’t leave before you leave”:
Sheryl Sandberg, “Why We Have Too Few Women Leaders,” TED Talk, December 2010. http://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders.html.

“There was no having it all”:
Barbara Walters, interview with Jane Pauley in 2003, quoted in Pamela Paul, “For Anchorwomen, Family Is Part of the Job,”
The New York Times
, December 9, 2011.

as Fox’s Megyn Kelly did:
Back from maternity leave on August 8, 2011, Megyn Kelly showed a photograph of her baby daughter, Yardley Evans, to viewers of
America Live
. Later on the show, she blasted guest Mike Gallagher for having criticized the length of her absence on his radio program,
The Mike Gallagher Show
.

Earlier she had squeezed her milk-enhanced boobs:
Greg Veis, “She Reports, We Decided She’s Hot,”
GQ
, December 2010.

none had quite the wistful tone of this recent one:
Amanda Foreman, “Diana’s Real Tragedy? She Married Too Young,”
The Lady
, June 28, 2011.

During that hiatus she wrote her best-selling book:
Tina Brown,
The Diana Chronicles
(New York: Broadway Books, 2007).

A recent McKinsey survey on women and the economy:
Joanna Barsh and Lareina Yee, “Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the U.S. Economy,” McKinsey & Company Special Report, April 2011. http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.

These rules were enshrined:
Rosa Kim, “The Legacy of Institutionalized Gender Inequality in South Korea: The Family Law,”
Boston College Third World Law Journal
14, no. 1 (1994): 145–162.

Park Chung-hee began to rebuild Korea’s economy:
See Sung-Hee Jwa,
The Evolution of Large Corporations in Korea
(Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 2002).

thirteenth-largest economy in the world:
“GDP (Purchasing Power Parity),” CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html.

private “cram” schools:
Margaret Warner, “In Hypercompetitive South Korea, Pressures Mount on Young Pupils,” PBS
NewsHour
, January 21, 2011. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/education/jan-june11/koreaschools_01-21.html.

Korea climbed into the top five international rankings:
“PISA 2009 Results: What Students Know and Can Do,” OECD Program for International Student Assessment. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/61/48852548.pdf.

made up 55 percent of those who passed:
Choe Sang-Hun, “Korean Women Flock to Government,”
The New York Times
, March 1, 2010.