The Days of the French Revolution (35 page)

D
UPORT
. As one of the King’s apologists he was arrested on 10 August 1792, but managed to escape abroad. He returned to France after 9
Thermidor
, but left again after 18
Fructidor
and died in Switzerland in 1798.

E
DGEWORTH
. Escaped to England in 1795 with a farewell message from Madame Elisabeth to her brother, the Comte d’Artois. He then took
some papers to her other brother, the Comte de Provence, whom he accompanied to Mittau where he died of fever in 1807.

E
LISABETH
. The King’s sister was accused of supplying
émigés
with money and of encouraging the resistance of the royalist forces on 10 August 1792. She was condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 10 May 1794.

E
PRÉMESNIL
. Imprisoned in the Abbaye as a staunch monarchist, he was released before the September Massacres. Arrested at Le Havre, he was taken to Paris, accused of being an agent of the English Government, arraigned before the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined on 21 April 1794.

E
STAING
. On the strength of compromising letters which had passed between him and Marie Antoinette, on whose behalf he spoke at her trial, he was condemned to death and executed on 28 April 1794.

F
AUCHET
. Having warmly supported the earlier phases of the Revolution, preached a funeral oration for those citizens killed at the storming of the Bastille and blessed the tricolour flag for the National Guard, he opposed the execution of the King and the marriage of priests. Accused of encouraging the federalist movement at Cannes, he was brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed with the Girondins on 30 October 1793.

F
ERRIÈRES
. Died of natural causes at the Château de Marsay in July 1804.

F
ERSEN
. Returning to Paris in February 1792, Fersen was convinced that a second attempt to get the royal family out of France was not practicable. He was promoted
Riksmarskalk
in the Swedish army in 1801. On the death of the popular Prince Christian Augustus of Augustenburg in 1810, Fersen was slanderously accused of having been implicated in a plot to poison him. As
Riksmarskalk
he received the body on the outskirts of Stockholm and conducted the funeral cortège into the city. The mob threw stones and hurled abuse at him, then battered him to death on the steps of the senate house.

F
OUCHÉ
. Having intrigued against Robespierre, he then intrigued against Napoleon and Louis XVIII. But, although widely distrusted, he took part in every government from 1792 to 1815. He was for several years Minister of Police. Proscribed as a regicide he had to go abroad in 1816. He died at Trieste as Duc d’Otrante, in 1820.

F
OUQUIER-
T
INVILLE
. After the uprising of
Thermidor
, his defence that he had merely obeyed the orders of the Committee of Public Safety was not accepted. He was executed on 7 May 1795.

F
RÉRON
. Elected to the Five Hundred, he was prevented from taking his seat. He was also disappointed in his hopes of marrying Bonaparte’s sister, Pauline. He died in 1802 at Santo Domingo where he had been sent as commissioner in 1799.

G
RÉGOIRE
. An early supporter of the Revolution, he later denounced Gobel’s apostasy and declared in the Convention that he would not abjure his faith nor resign as Bishop of Blois. He wore episcopal dress in Paris during the Terror and read Mass in his house, but resigned his bishopric in 1801 in protest against the concordat with Rome. He died in 1831.

G
UADET
. A warrant was issued for his arrest on the fall of the Girondins. He fled to Caen, then to his father’s house at Saint-Emilion, but he was discovered and guillotined at Bordeaux on 17 June 1794.

G
UILLOTIN
. Survived the punishment which his machine is often alleged to have inflicted on him and died in 1814.

H
ERMAN
. Condemned to death on 7 May 1795 he displayed great contempt for his judges, throwing his hat at the man who occupied the seat from which he himself had pronounced sentence of death during the Terror.

H
OCHE
. Became Minister of War in 1797 but died at Wetzlar of consumption in September that same year at the age of twenty-nine.

I
SNARD
. One of the surviving Girondins who were recalled to the Convention after 9
Thermidor
. He was elected to the Council of Five Hundred, but played little part in its deliberations and retired to Draguinan in 1797. Professing himself a convinced royalist he avoided proscription as a regicide and survived until 1825.

J
OSEPHINE
. Napoleon arranged for the nullification of their marriage in 1810 when he hoped to make a politically more advantageous match with Marie-Louise, daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria, and by her to have the son with whom Josephine could not provide him. She retired to her private house at Malmaison outside Paris where she lived and entertained as extravagantly as ever, and where she died in May 1814.

J
OURDAN
. Became a marshal of France in 1804 and, after submitting to the Bourbons, a peer of France in 1819. He lived until 1833.

L
AFAYETTE
. Denounced as a traitor by the Assembly in 1792, he spent five years in Austrian and German prisons. He returned to France in 1802 and, after a period of rustic retirement on his Lagrange estate during the First Empire, he was elected deputy for the Sarthe which he
represented until 1824. He was placed in command of the National Guard in the 1830 revolution and died in 1834.

L
ALLY-
T
OLLENDAL
. Emigrated to England in 1789. He offered to defend the King but was refused permission to return to Paris. Louis XVIII created him a peer of France. He died in 1830.

L
AMETH
, A
LEXANDRE
. Accused of treason in August 1792, he escaped abroad and was imprisoned by the Austrians. He returned at the time of the Consulate and became deputy for Seine-et-Oise after the Restoration. He died in 1829.

L
AMETH
, T
HÉODORE
. Died at the age of ninety-eight in 1854.

L
AMOIGNON
. Committed suicide on 15 May 1789.

L
ANJUINAIS
. Escaped to Rennes on the fall of the Girondins and remained in hiding until recalled to the Convention after 9
Thermidor
. He died in Paris in 1827.

L
A
R
OCHEFOUCAULD
-L
IANCOURT
. Emigrated to England in 1792 and went to the United States of America in 1794. He returned to France after 18
Brumaire
and died in 1827.

L
A TOUR DU
P
IN
. She survived the Revolution, having moved to Bordeaux and then having escaped to the United States. She died at Pisa in 1853 at the age of eighty-three.

L
AZOWSKI
. A warrant was issued for his arrest in March 1793 but he escaped to Vaurigard where he died almost immediately of a fever following a drunken debauch. He was buried at the foot of the tree of liberty on the Place du Carrousel.

L
EGENDRE
. Elected a member of the Council of Ancients, he died in December 1797.

L
ETOURNEUR
. Appointed Prefect of the Loire-Inférieure in 1800. Banished as a regicide in 1816, he died near Brussels the following year.

L
INDET
, R
OBERT
. Declined office under both the Consulate and the Empire. Left France in 1816 as a proscribed regicide, but returned shortly before his death in 1825.

L
INDET
, T
HOMAS
. Elected to the Council of Ancients, he lived in obscurity under the Consulate and Empire. Banished as a regicide in 1816, he went to live in Italy, then Switzerland. Receiving permission to return to France, he died at Bernay in August 1825.

L
INGUET
. Moved into the country to escape the Terror, having written a defence of Louis XVI, but was discovered and brought back to Paris to be guillotined on 27 June 1794.

L
OUSTALOT
. Died of natural causes in October 1790.

L
OUVET
. Elected to the Council of Five Hundred, he retired in May 1797. In the royalist reaction of that summer the
jeunesse dorée
, who regarded him as a Jacobin, insulted him in the street and smashed his bookshop which he was compelled to move from the Palais Royal to the Faubourg Saint-Germain. He died in obscurity in August 1797 looking ‘like an old man at thirty-seven’.

M
AILLARD
. An agent of the Committee of General Security, he disappeared after 9
Thermidor
. Still alive under an assumed name in the early years of the Empire, the date of his death is unknown.

M
ALLET DU
P
AN
. Exiled to Berne for an attack on Bonaparte and the Directory, he went to London in 1798 and died at Richmond, Surrey, in 1800.

M
ALOUET
. Emigrated to England in 1792. Appointed Minister of Marine by Louis XVIII. He died in 1814.

M
ANUEL
. Refused to vote for the death of Louis XVI and retired to Montargis. He was arrested there and brought back to Paris to be guillotined in 1793.

M
ARAT
, Albertine. The English historian, J. W. Croker, saw her in Paris, where she was still living in the late 1830s. Told that she was ‘as like her brother as one drop of water is like another’, he found her ‘very small, very ugly, very sharp and a great politician’. She died in 1841.

M
ARIE
T
HÉRÈSE
(M
ADAME
R
OYALE
). Remained in prison throughout the Terror. She was released in December 1795 in exchange for some French prisoners held by the Austrians including Drouet. She married the eldest son of the Comte d’Artois, the Duc d’Angoulême, who renounced his rights to the throne in 1830 when his father abdicated.

M
AURY
. Emigrated in 1792. He returned in 1804 and became Archbishop of Paris in 1810, holding the office until 1814 despite the Pope’s prohibition. He died in 1817.

M
ERCY
. Appointed Austrian Ambassador to the Court of St James’s in 1794 but died a few days after his arrival in London.

M
ERDA
. For his services on 9
Thermidor
the Convention recommended him to the notice of his superiors. He was promoted captain, colonel in 1807 and later brigadier-general. He died at Moscow in 1812. His account of Robespierre’s death has been discredited. Others claimed that Robespierre shot himself.

M
OMORO
. Arrested, brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal on 22 March 1794 and condemned to death.

M
ONTESQUIOU
. Accused of royalist sympathies, he escaped to Switzerland. He returned to Paris in 1795 and died there three years later.

M
OREAU DE
S
AINT
M
ÉRY
. Arrested after 10 August 1792 but escaped to the United States and started a bookshop in Philadelphia. Returned to France in 1799 and became historiographer to the navy. A relative of the Empress Josephine, he was appointed administrator of the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in 1802 but was dismissed in 1806. He died in 1819.

M
OUNIER
. Disapproving of the course of the Revolution after his proposal of the Tennis-Court Oath, he emigrated to Switzerland in 1790, returning in 1801 when Bonaparte appointed him prefect of the department of Îlle-et-Vilâine. He died in 1806.

M
URAT
. Married Napoleon’s sister, Caroline, after 18
Brumaire
. Promoted marshal in 1804, he later succeeded Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, as King of Naples in 1808. Defeated by the Austrians at Tolentino, he escaped to Corsica. Taken prisoner in an attempt to recover his kingdom, he was shot on 13 October 1815.

N
ARBONNE
. Emigrated in 1792. Returned in 1801 and was later appointed aide-de-camp to Napoleon. In 1813 he became French ambassador in Vienna. He died in 1813.

N
ECKER
. Returned to Switzerland in 1792 and settled down on his estate near Geneva where he devoted himself to writing until his death in 1804. His wife, who had sorely missed her salon in Paris, had died ten years before.

P
ÉTION
. After the fall of the Gironde, escaped to Caen thence to Saint-Émilion. Tracked down by police spies, he left the wigmaker’s house where he had been sheltered and on 18 June his body, with that of Buzot, was found on the outskirts of a wood partly eaten by animals.

P
ICHEGRU
. Implicated in a plot to restore Louis XVIII, he offered his resignation to the Directory who accepted it. Arrested on 18
Fructidor
, he was deported to Cayenne. He escaped to London and returned to Paris in 1803 to organize a royalist insurrection against Napoleon. He was betrayed, arrested, and on 15 April the following year he was found strangled in prison.

P
OLIGNAC
, Gabrielle de. Emigrated in 1789 and died abroad shortly after the death of the Queen.

P
ROVENCE
. Remained in England until 1814 when he returned to France as Louis XVIII. Obliged to leave Paris again on Napoleon’s escape from Elba, he returned to France after Waterloo and reigned until his death in 1824.

R
EUBELL
. Retired from public life after 18
Brumaire
and died at his birthplace, Colmar, in 1807.

R
EVELLIÈRE-
L
ÉPEAUX
. Forced to resign on 30
Prairial
, he went to live in retirement in the country. He returned to Paris in 1809 but took no part in public affairs, dying in 1824.