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398                                    THE CHINA STUDY
12. Ha YL, StorksonJ, and Pariza MW "Inhibition ofbenzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach
neoplasia by conjugated denoic derivatives of linoleic acid." CanceT Res. 50 (1990): 1097-1101.
13. Aydin R, Pariza MW, and Cook ME. "Olive oil prevents the adverse effects of dietary conju-
g a ted linoleic acid on chick hatchability and egg quality. " ] ' Nutr. 131 (2001): 800-806.
14. Peters JM, Park Y, Gonzalez FJ, et al. "Influence of conjugated linoleic acid on body com-
p o s i t i o n and target gene expression in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-null
mice." Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1533 (2001) : 233-242.
15. NtambiJM, Choi Y, Park Y, et al. "Effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune re-
s p o n s e s , body composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. " Can. ]. Appl. Physiol. 27 (2002):
617-627.
16. Ip C, Chin SF, ScimecaJA, et al. "Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic deriva-
tive of linoleic acid." Cancer Res. 51 (1991) : 6118-6124.
17. Ip C, ChengJ , Thompson HJ, et al. "Retention of conjugated linoleic acid in the mammary
gland is associated with tumor inhibition during the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis."
Carcinogens is 18 (1997): 755-759.
18. Yaukey]. "Changing cows' diets elevates milks' cancer-fighting." IthacaJoumal November 12,
1996: 1.
19. Belury MA. "Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms
of action ." ] ' Nutr. 132 (2002): 2995-2998.
20. Ip C, Banni S, Angioni E, et al. "Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary
gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats."]. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135-2142.
21. Griinari JM , Corl BA, Lacy SH, et al. "Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously
in lactating dairy cows by D9-desaturase." ] ' Nutr. 130 (2000): 2285-2291.
22. Ip C, Dong Y, Thompson HJ, et al. "Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by
conjugated linoleic acid ." Nutr. Cancer 39 (2001): 233-238.
23. Ip C, Dong Y, Ip MM, et al. "Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary cancer preven-
tion. " Nutr. Cancer 43 (2002): 52-58.
24. Giovannucci E. "Insulin and colon cancer. " Cancer Causes and Control 6 (1995) : 164-179.
25. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, et al. "Cohort study of diet,lifestyle, and prostate cancer."
Cancer 64 (1989): 598-604.
26. Search for keyword "lycopene" at http://www.ncbLnlm.nih.gov
27. Christian MS, Schulte S, and Hellwig]. "Developmental (embryo-fetal toxicity/teratogenecity)
toxicity studies of synthetic crystalline lycopene in rats and rabbits." Food Chem. Toxicol. 41
(2003) : 773-783.
28. Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Liu Y, et al. "A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and
prostate cancer risk."]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 94 (2002): 391-398.
29. Gann PH, and Khachik E "Tomatoes or lycopene versus prostate cancer: is evolution anti-
r e d u c t i o n i s t ? " ]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 95 (2003) : 1563-1565.
30. Tucker G. "Nutritional enhancement of plants." Curro Opin. 14 (2003): 221-225.
31. He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatOxin B,-induced mutagenesis
and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
32. He Y, and Campbell Te. "Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis in S.
typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98." Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243-253.
33. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. "Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to
risk of prostate cancer." ]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 87 (1995): 1767-1776.
34. U.s. Department of Agriculture. "USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference." Wash-
i n g t o n , DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. Accessed at
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnidfoodcomp
35. Eberhardt MY, Lee CY, and Liu RH. "Antioxidant activity of fresh apples." Nature 405 (2000):
903-904.
REFERENCES                                              399
Chapter 16
1. Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine. "Dietary reference intakes for energy,
carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients)."
Washington, DC: The National Academy Press, 2002. Accessed at http://www.nap.eduJ
catalogll0490.html? onpi_newsdoc090502
2. National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. "Report offers new eating and physical activity
targets to reduce chronic disease risk. " Sept. 5, 2002. Washington, DC: National Research
Council, Institute of Medicine. Accessed at http://www4.nationalacademies.orglnews.nsC!
isbnl03090B53 73 ?OpenDocument
3. Wegmans Company. Recipe and nutrient facts . Accessed 2003. Available from http://
www.wegmans.com.
4. U.S. Department of Agriculture. "USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference." Wash-
ington, DC: U.s. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. Accessed at
http://www:nal.usda.gov/fnidfoodcomp
5. The RDA has been expressed as a Singular quantity of protein, as O.B grams of protein per
kilogram of body weight. Assuming a daily intake of 2,200 calories for a 70 kg person, this
O.B grams is equivalent to about 10-11% of total calories: 70 kg X O.B gmlkg X 4 caVgm X
112200 cal X 100 z 10.2%
6. Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J , Wang CY, et al. "Trends in Intake of Energy and Macro-
n u t r i e n t s - United States, 1971-2000." Morbidity and mortality weekly report 53 (February 6,
2004) : 80-82.
7. Boseley S. "Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO." The Guardian April 21 , 2003
B. Brundtland GH. "Sweet and sour; The WHO is accused by the sugar industry of giving un-
scientific nutrition advice. But its recommendations are based on solid evidence, says Gro
Harlem Brundtland." New Scientist, May 03,2003: 23.
9. International Life Sciences Institute. ILSI North America. Accessed February 13, 2004. Avail-
able from http://www.ilsina.org.
10. Kursban M. Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines. Physicians Committee
for Responsible Medicine. AccessedJune, 2003. Available from http://www.pcrm.orglhealthl
commentary/commentary0004.html.
11. Chaitowitz S. Court rules against USD~ secrecy and failure to disclose conflict of interest in set-
ting nutrition policies. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. AccessedJanuary 27,
2004. Available from http://www.pcrm.orglnewsihealth001002.html.
12. I have been for several years on the science adviSOry board of PCRM.
13. National Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Medicine. "Dietary Reference Intakes for
Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [sum-
mary statementl." Washington, DC: National Academy Press, September, 2002.
14. National Institutes of Health. February 2004. Accessed at http://www.nih.gov
15. National Institutes of Health. "National Institutes of Health. Summary of the FY 2005 Presi-
dent's Budget." February 2,2004. Accessed at http://www.nih.gov/news
16. National Institutes of Health. NIH Disease Funding Table: Special Areas of Interest. Accessed
August IB, 2003. Available from http://www.nih.gov/newslfindingresearchareas.htm.
17. Calculated from NIH Disease Funding Table: Special Areas of Interest. See previous reference.
lB. National Cancer Institute. "FY 1999 Questions and Answers provided for the record
for the FY 1999 House Appropriations Subcommitee." July 15, 2003. Accessed at http:
l/www3.cancer.gov/adminlfmb/1999QAs.htm
19. National Cancer Institute. FY 2001 Congressional Justification. Accessed March 2, 2004. Avail-
able from http://www3.cancer.gov/adminlfmb/index.htm1.
20. Angell M. "The pharmaceutical industry-to whom is it accountable?" New Engl.]. Med. 342
(2000): 1902-1904.
400                                       THE CHINA STUDY
21. National Cancer Institute. FY 2004 Congressional justification. Accessed 2003. Available from
http://www3.cancer.gov/adminlfmb/indexlhtml.
22. Demas A. Food Education in the Elementary Classroom as a Means of Gaining Acceptance of
Diverse Low Fat Foods in the School Lunch Program [PhD Dissertation]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University, 1995:325pp.
Chapter 17
1. Austoker J. "The 'treatment of choice': breast cancer surgery 1860-1985." Soc. Soc. Hist. Med.
Bull.(London) 37 (1985): 100-107.
2. Naifeh SW The Best Doctors in America, 1994-1995. Aiken, S.c.: Woodward &: White, 1994.
3. McDougall JA, and McDougall MA. The McDougall Plan. Clinton, NJ: New Win Publishing,
Inc., 1983.
4. Committee on Nutrition in Medical Education. "Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical
Schools." Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
5. White PL, Johnson OC, and Kibler MJ. "Council on Foods and Nutrition, American Medical
Association-its relation to physicians." Postgraduate Med. 30 (1961): 502-507.
6. Lo C. "Integrating nutrition as a theme throughout the medical school curriculum." Am.].
Clin. Nutr. 72(Suppi) (2000): 882~89S.
7. Pearson TA, Stone EJ, Grundy SM, et al. "Translation of nutrition science into medical educa-
tion: the Nutrition Academic Award Program." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 74 (2001): 164-170.
8. Kassler W]. "Appendix F: Testimony of the American Medical Student Association." Wash-
ington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
9. Zeisel SH, and Plaisted CS. "CD-ROMs for Nutrition Education."]' Am. Coli. Nutr. 18 (1999): 287.
10. Two or three reputable agencies have also sponsored this program, but I suspect that the ad-
m i n i s t r a t o r s of these agencies felt it necessary to associate with a project in medical education
for their own purposes, regardless of the dubious list of other organizations.
11. http://www.med.unc.eduinutr/nirnlFAQ.htm#anchor 197343
12. Weinsier RL, Boker JR, Brooks CM, et al. "Nutrition training in graduate medical (residency)
education: a survey of selected training programs." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 54 (1991): 957-962.
13. Young EA. "National Dairy Council Award for Excellence in MedicallDental Nutrition Edu-
c a t i o n Lecture, 1992: perspectives on nutrition in medical education." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 56
(1992): 745-751.
14. Kushner RF. "Will there be a tipping point in medical nutrition education?" Am.]. Clin. Nutr.
77 (2003): 288-291.
15. Angell M. "Is academic medicine for sale?" New Engl.]. Med. 342 (2000): 1516-1518.
16. Moynihan R. "Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and
drug companies 1: Entanglement." Brit. Med.joum. 326 (2003): 1189-1192.
17. Moynihan R. "Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and
drug companies. 2. Disentanglement." Brit. Med.joum. 326 (2003): 1193-1196.
18. Avorn J, Chen M, and Hartley R. "Scientific versus commercial sources of influence on the
prescribing behavior of physicians." Am.]. Med. 73 (1982): 4-8.
19. Lurie N, Rich EC, Simpson DE, et al. "Pharmaceutical representatives in academic medical
centers: interaction with faculty and housestaff."]. Gen. Intern. Med. 5 (1990): 240-243.
20. Steinman MA, Shlipak MG, and McPhee SJ. "Of principles and pens: attitudes and practices
of medicine housestaff toward pharmaceutical industry promotions." Am.]. Med. 110 (2001):
551-557.
21. LexchinJ. "Interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: what does the
literature say?" Can .. Med. Assoc.]. 149 (1993): 1401-1407.
22. Lexchin J. "What information do physicians receive from pharmaceutical representatives?"
Can. Fam. Physician 43 (1997): 941-945.
REFERENCES                                            401
23. Baird P. "Getting it right: industry sponsorship and medical research." Can. Med. Assoc. Joum.
168 (2003): 1267-1269.
24. Smith R. "Medical journals and pharmaceutical companies: uneasy bedfellows." Brit. Med.
Joum. 326 (2003): 1202-1205.
25. Chopra SS. "Industry funding of clinical trials: benefit or bias?" JAMA 290 (2003): 113-114.
26. Healy D. "In the grip of the python: conficts at the university-industry interface." Sci. Engi-
neering Ethics 9 (2003): 59-71.
27. Olivieri NF "Patients' health or company profits? The commericalization of academic re-
search ." Sci. Engineering Ethics 9 (2003): 29-41.
28. johnson L. "Schools report research interest conflicts." The IthacaJoumal October 24, 2002: 3A.
29. Agovino T. "Prescription use by children multiplying, study says." The Ithaca Joumal Sept.
19, 2002: lA.
30. Associated Press. "Survey: many guidelines written by doctors with ties to companies." The
IthacaJoumal Feb. 12, 2002
31. Weiss R. "Correctly prescribed drugs take heavy toll; millions affected by toxic reactions."
The Washington Post Apr. 15, 1998: A01.
32. Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler Sj, et al. "Timing of new black box warnings and with-
drawals for prescription medications." JAMA 287 (2002): 2215-2220.
33. Lazarou j, Pomeranz B, and Corey PN. "Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized
patients." JAMA 279 (1998): 1200-1205.
Chapter 18
1. Macilwain G. The General Nature and Treatment of Tumors. London, UK: john Churchill,
1845.
2. Williams H. The Ethics of Diet. A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-Eat-
ing. London: F Pitman, 1883.
3. U.s. Census Bureau. "U.s. Popclock Projection." March, 2004. Accessed at http://
www.census.gov/cgi-binlpopclock
4. Centers for Disease Control. "Prevalence of adults with no known risk factors for coronary
heart disease-behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1992." Morbidity and mortality
weekly report 43 (February 4,1994) : 61-63,69.
5. Kaufman DW, Kelly jP, Rosenberg L, et al. "Recent patterns of medication use in the ambula-
tory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey." ]. Am. Med. Assoc. 287 (2002) :
337-344.
6. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. "Prevalence and trends in obesity among U.s.
adults, 1999-2000." JAMA 288 (2002): 1723-1727.
7. American Heart Association. "High blood cholesterol and other lipids-statistics." March,
2004. Accessed at http://www.americanheart.orglpresenter.jhtml?identifier=2016
8. Wolz M, Cutler j, Roccella Ej, et al. "Statement from the National High Blood Pressure Edu-
cation Program: prevalence of hypertension." Am.]. Hypertens . 13 (2000): 103-104.
9. Lucas jw, Schiller jS, and Benson V "Summary health statistics for U.S. Adults: National
Health Interview Survey, 2001." National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat.
10(218). 2004
10. Robbins J. The Food Revolution. Berkeley, California: Conari Press, 2001.
11. I strongly recommend reading john Robbins' "The Food Revolution," which convincingly
details the connection between your diet and the environment.
12. World Health Organization. "The World Health Report 1997: Press Release. Human and so-
cial costs of chronic diseases will rise unless confronted now, WHO Director-General says."
Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1997. Accessed at httpJ/www.who.inti
whr200 1/200 1/archiveS/1997/presse.htm
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