The China Study (58 page)

Read The China Study Online

Authors: T. Colin Campbell,Thomas M. Campbell

BOOK: The China Study
10.08Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
379
REFERENCES
Braunwald (ed.), Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, pp. 1366-1391.
Philadelphia, PA: WB. Saunders, 1997.
HirshfeldJW, SchwartzJS,Jugo R, et al. "Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: a multivariate
38.
statistical model to relate lesion and procedure variables to restenosis." ]. Am. Coil. Cardiol.
18 (1991): 647-656.
Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
39.
40. Naifeh SW The Best Doctors in America, 1994-1995. Aiken, S.c.: Woodward &. White, 1994.
41. Esselstyn CB, Jr. "Foreward: changing the treatment paradigm for coronary artery disease."
Am.]. Cardiol. 82 (1998): 2T-4T.
Essei!!tyn CE, Ellis SG, Medendorp Sv, et al. "A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery
42.
disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician's practice." ]. Family Practice 41
(1995): 560-568.
Esselstyn C). "Introduction:more than coronary artery disease." Am.]. Cardio!. 82 (1998):
43.
5T-9T.
44. The flow of blood is related to the fourth power of the radius. Thus, a reduction of seven
percent is approximately related to a 30% greater blood flow, although it is not possible to
obtain by calculation a more precise determination of this number.
45. Personal communication with Dr. Esselstyn, 9/15/03.
46. Omish 0, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. "Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart dis-
ease? " Lancet 336 (1990): 129-133.
47. Ratliff NB. "Of rice, grain, and zeal: lessons from Drs. Kempner and Esselstyn." Cleveland
Clin.]. Med. 67 (2000): 565-566.
American Heart Association. "AHA Dietary Guidelines. Revision 2000: A Statement for
48.
Healthcare Professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association."
Circulation 102 (2000): 2296-2311.
National Cholesterol Education Program. "Third report of the National Cholesterol Educa-
49.
tion Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood
cholesterol in adult (adult treatment panel Ill) : executive summary." Bethesda, MD: National
Institutes of Health, 2001.
Castelli W "Take this letter to your doctor." Prevention 48 (1996): 61-64.
50.
Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G, et al. "Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet." Circu-
51.
lation 86 (1992): 1-11.
Chapter 6
1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. "Prevalence and trends in obesity among U.S.
adults, 1999-2000." lAMA 288 (2002): 1723-1727.
2. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. "Prevalence and trends in overweight among U.S.
children and adolescents." lAMA 288 (2002): 1728-1732.
3. Dietz WH. "Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease."
Pediatrics 101 (1998) : 518-525.
4. Fontaine KR, and Barofsky L "Obesity and health-related quality of life." Obesity Rev. 2
(2001): 173-182.
5. Colditz GA. "Economic costs of obeSity and inactivity." Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31 (1999):
5663-5667.
6. Adcox S. "New state law seeks to cut down obesity." Ithacaloumal Sept. 21, 2002: SA.
7. Ellis FR, and Montegriffo VME. "Veganism, clinical findings and investigations." Am.]. Clin.
Nutr. 23 (1970): 249-255.
8. Berenson, G., Srinivasan,S., Bao, W, Newman, W P. r. , Tracy, R. E., and Wattigney, W A.
"Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis to children and
young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study." New Engl.]. Med., 338: 1650-1656, 1998.
THE CHINA STUDY
380
9. Key T], Fraser GE, Thorogood M, et al. "Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: de-
tailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies." Am.]. elin. Nutri.
70(Suppl.) (1999): 5165-5245.
10. Bergan ]G, and Brown PT. "Nutritional status of "new" vegetarians." ]. Am. Diet. Assoc. 76
(1980): 151-155.
11. Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann], et al. "Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the
possible roles of animal fat, dietary fibre, and alcohol." Int]. Obes. 22 (1998): 454-460.
12. Dwyer]T. "Health aspects of vegetarian diets." Am.]. elin. Nutr. 48 (1988): 712-738.
13. Key T], and Davey G. "Prevalence of obesity is low in people who do not eat meat." Brit. Med.
Joum. 313 (1996): 816-817.
14. Shintani TT, Hughes CK, Beckham 5, et al. "Obesity and cardiovascular risk intervention
through the ad libitum feeding of traditional Hawaiian diet." Am.]. elin. Nutr. 53 (1991):
16475-16515.
15. Barnard Rj. "Effects of life-style modification on serum lipids." Arch. Intem. Med. 151 (1991):
1389-1394.
16. McDougall], Litzau K, Haver E, et al. "Rapid reduction of serum cholesterol and blood
pressure by a twelve-day, very low fat, strictly vegetarian diet."]. Am. Coil. Nutr. 14 (1995):
491-496.
17. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Doody RS, et al. "Effects of stress management training and dietary
changes in treating ischemic heart disease." JAMA 249 (1983): 54-59.
18. Shintani TT, Beckham 5, Brown AC, et al. "The Hawaii diet: ad libitum high carbohydrate,
low fat multi-cultural diet for the reduction of chronic disease risk factors: obesity, hyperten-
sion, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia." Hawaii Med.Joum. 60 (2001): 69-73.
19. Nicholson AS, Sklar M, Barnard ND, et al. 'Toward improved management ofNIDDM: a ran-
domized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet." Prevo Med. 29 (1999):
87-91.
20. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings]H, et al. "Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary
heart disease." JAMA 280 (1998): 2001-2007.
21. Astrup A, Toubro 5, Raben A, et al. "The role of low-fat diets and fat substitutes in body
weight management: what have we learned from clinical studies?"]' Am. Diet. Assoc. 97(sup-
pI) (1997): 582-587.
22. Duncan KH, Bacon]A, and Weinsier RL. "The effects of high and low energy density diets on
satiety, energy intake, and eating time of obese and nonobese subjects." Am.]. elin. Nutr. 37
(1983): 763-767.
23. Heaton KW. "Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake." Lancet (1973): 1418-1421.
24. Levin N, Rattan], and Gilat T. "Energy intake and body weight in ovo-lacto vegetarians."]'
elin. Gastroentero!' 8 (1986): 451-453.
25. Campbell TC. "Energy balance: interpretation of data from rural China." Toxicological Sci-
ences 52 (1999): 87-94.
26. Poehlman ET, Arciero P], Melby CL, et al. "Resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermo-
genesis in vegetarians and nonvegetarians." Am.]. elin. Nutr. 48 (1988): 209-213.
27. The study by Poehlman et al. showed high oxygen consumption and higher resting metabolic
rate but was badly misinterpreted by the authors. We had very similar results with experi-
m e n t a l rats.
28. Fogelholm M, and Kukkonen-Harjula K. "Does physical activity prevent weight gain-a
systematic review." Obesity Rev. 1 (2000): 95-111.
29. Ravussin E, Lillioja 5, Anderson TE, et al. "Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in
man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber."]' elin. Invest. 78 (1986): 1568-1578.
30. Thorburn AW, and Proietto j. "Biological determinants of spontaneous physical activity."
Obesity Rev. 1 (2000): 87-94.
REFERENCES                                           381
31. Krieger E, Youngman LD, and Campbell TC. "The modulation of aflatoxin(AFB1) induced
preneoplastic lesions by dietary protein and voluntary exercise in Fischer 344 rats ." FASEB].
2 (1988) : 3304 Abs.
32. Heshka S, and Allison DB. "Is obesity a disease? " In!.]. Obesity Re!. Dis. 25 (2001): 1401-
1 4 0 4.
33 . Kopelman PG, and Finer N. "Reply: is obesity a disease?" Int]. Obes. 25 (2001): 1405-1406.
34. Campbell TC. "Are your genes hazardous to your health?" Nutrition Advocate 1 (1995) : 1-2,
8.
35. Campbell TC. "Genetic seeds of disease. How to beat the odds." Nutrition Advocate 1 (1995) :
1-2, 8.
36. Campbell TC. "The 'Fat Gene' dream machine." Nutrition Advocate 2 (1996): 1-2.
Chapter 7
1. Mokdad AH , Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. "Diabetes trends in the U.s. : 1990-1998." Diabetes
Care 23 (2000): 1278-1283.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "National Diabetes Fact Sheet: General Informa-
t i o n and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2000." Atlanta, GA: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
3. Griffin KL. "New lifestyles: new lifestyles, hope for kids with diabetes. " Milwaukee Journal
Sentine!22July 2002: IG.
4. American Diabetes Association. "Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents." Diabetes Care
23 (2000): 381-389.
5. Himsworth HP. "Diet and the incidence of diabetes mellitus." Gin. Sci. 2 (1935): 117-148.
6. West KM, and Kalbfleisch JM. "Glucose tolerance, nutrition, and diabetes in Uruguay, Ven-
ezuela, Malaya, and East Pakistan." Diabetes 15 (1966): 9-18.
7. West KM , and Kalbfleisch JM. "Influence of nutritional factors on prevalence of diabetes."
Diabetes 20 (1971) : 99-108.
8. Fraser GE. "Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mor-
tality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists." Am.]. Gin. Nutr. 70(Suppl.)
(1999): 5325-538S.
9. Snowdon DA, and Phillips RL. "Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes?"
Am.]. Publ. Health 75 (1985): 507-512.
10. Tsunehara CH, Leonetti DL, and Fujimoto WY. "Diet of second generation Japanese-Ameri-
c a n men with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes." Am.]. Gin. Nutri. 52 (1990):
731-738.
11. Marshall J, Hamman RF, and Baxter J. "High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and the etiology of
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the San Luis Valley Study. " Am. ]. Epidemiol. 134
(1991): 590-603.
12. Kittagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, et al. "Increased incidence of non-insulin-dependent dia-
b e t e s mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal
protein and fa!." Gin. Pediatr. 37 (1998) : 111-116.
13. Trowell H. "Diabetes mellitus death-rates in England and Wales 1920-1970 and food sup-
plies ." Lancet 2 (1974): 998-1002.
14. Meyer KA , Kushi LH,Jacobs DR, Jr., et al. "Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident Type 2
diabetes in older women." Am.]. Gin. Nutri. 71 (2000): 921-930.
15. AndersonJW "Dietary fiber in nutrition management of diabetes." In: G. Vahouny, V. and D.
Kritchevsky (eds.) , Dietary Fiber: Basic and Clinical Aspects, pp. 343-360. New York: Plenum
Press, 1986.
16. Anderson Jw, Chen WL, and Sieling B. "Hypolipidemic effects of high-carbohydrate, high-
fiber diets." Metabolism 29 (1980): 551-558.
382                                    THE CHINA STUDY
17. Story L, Anderson]W, Chen WL, et al. "Adherence to high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets:
long-term studies of non-obese diabetic men." Journ. Am. Diet. Assoc. 85 (1985): 1105-
1110.
18. Barnard R], Lattimore L, Holly RG, et al. "Response of non-insulin-dependent diabetic pa-
tients to an intensive program of diet and exercise." Diabetes Care 5 (1982): 370-374.
19. Barnard R], Massey MR, Cherny S, et al. "Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate,
high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients." Diabetes Care 6
(1983): 268-273.
20. AndersonJw, Gustafson NJ, Bryant CA, et al. "Dietary fiber and diabetes: a comprehensive
review and practical application."]' Am. Diet. Assoc. 87 (1987): 1189-1197.
21. Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Bacon S, et al. "Diabetic diets: high carbohydrate combined with
high fiber." Am.]. Clin. Nutri. 33 (1980): 1729-1733.
22. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. "Reduction in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes
with lifestyle intervention or Metformin." New Engl. ]. Med. 346 (2002): 393-403.
23. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom], Eriksson JG, et al. "Prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus by
changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance." New Engl.]. Med. 344
(2001): 1343-1350.
Chapter 8
1. Estrogen present in its free, unbound form.
2. Estrogen activity is due to more than one analogue, but usually refers to estradiol. I will use the
general term "estrogen" to include all steroid and related female hormones whose effects paral-
lel estradiol activity. A small amount of testosterone in women also shows the same effect.
3. Wu AH, Pike MC, and Stram DO. "Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels,
and the risk of breast cancer." ]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999): 529-534.
4. Bernstein L, and Ross RK. "Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk." Epidemiol. Revs.
15 (1993): 48-65.
5. Pike MC, Spicer DY, Dahmoush L, et al. "Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell prolif-
eration, and breast cancer risk." Epidemiol. Revs. 15 (1993): 17-35.
6. Bocchinfuso WP, Lindzey]K, Hewitt SC, et al. "Induction of mammary gland development in
estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice." Endocrinology 141 (2000): 2982-2994.
7. Atwood CS, Hovey RC, Glover JP, et al. "Progesterone induces Side-branching of the ductal
epithelium in the mammary glands of peripubertal mice."]. Endocrinol. 167 (2000): 39-52.
8. Rose DP, and Pruitt BT. "Plasma prolactin levels in patients with breast cancer." Cancer 48
(1981): 2687-2691.
9. Dorgan JF, Longcope C, Stephenson HE, Jr., et al. "Relation of prediagnostic serum estro-
gen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5 (1996):
533-539.
10. Dorgan]F, Stanczyk FZ, Longcope C, et al. "Relationship of serum dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to risk of breast cancer in
postmenopausal women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6 (1997):
11. Thomas HY, Key TJ, Allen DS, et al. "A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone
concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey."
Brit.]. Cancer 76 (1997): 410-405.
12. Hankinson SE, Willett W, Manson ]E, et al. "Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of
breast cancer in postmenopausal women."]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 90 (1998): 1292-1299.
13. Rosenthal MB, Barnard RJ, Rose DP, et al. "Effects of a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat,
low-cholesterol diet on levels of serum lipids and estradiol." Am.]. Med. 78 (1985): 23-27.
14. Adlercreutz H. "Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mecha-
nisms and associations." Scand.]. Clin. Lab. Invest. 50(SuppI.201) (1990): 3-23.
383
REFERENCES
15. Heber 0, Ashley JM, LeafDA, et at. "Reduction of serum estradiol in postmenopausal women
given free access to low-fat high-carbohydrate diet." Nutrition 7 (1991) : 137-139.
16. Rose DP, Goldman M, Connolly JM, et al. "High-fiber diet reduces serum estrogen concentra-
tions in premenopausal women." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 54 (1991): 520-525.
17. Rose DP, Lubin M, and Connolly JM. "Efects of diet supplementation with wheat bran on
serum estrogen levels in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle." Nutrition 13
(1997): 535-539.
18. Tymchuk CN, Tessler SB, and Barnard R]. "Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin, insu-
lin, and serum lipids in postmenopausal women on a low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with
exercise." Nutr. Cancer 38 (2000): 158-162.
19. Key TJA, ChenJ, Wang DY, et a1. "Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain."
Brit.]. Cancer 62 (1990): 631-636.
20. Prentice R, Thompson 0 , Clifford C, et at. "Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol con-
centration in healthy postmenopausal women." ] . Natl. Cancer Inst. 82 (1990): 129-134.
21. Boyar Ap, Rose Dp, and Wynder EL. "Recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease:
the application for breast disease." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 48(3 Suppl) (1988): 896--900.
22. Nandi S, Guzman RC, and Yang]. "Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats and
humans: a unifying hypothesis." Proc. National Acad. Sci 92 (1995): 3650-3657.
23. Peto J, Easton OF, Matthews FE, et al. "Cancer mortality in relatives of women with breast
cancer, the OPCS study. " Int.]. Cancer 65 (1996): 275-283.
24. Colditz GA, Willett W, Hunter OJ, et at. "Family history, age, and risk of breast cancer. Pro-
spective data from the Nurses' Health Study." lAMA 270 (1993) : 338-343.
25 . National Human Genome Research Institute. "Learning About Breast Cancer. " Accessed at
http://www.genome.gov/l0000507#ql
26. Futreal PA, Liu Q, Shattuck-Eidens 0 , et al. "BRCAI mutations in primary breast and ovarian
carcinomas." Science 266 (1994): 120-122.
27. Miki Y, SwensenJ, Shatttuck-Eidens 0, et al. "A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian
cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1." Science 266 (1994): 66--71.
28. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, et al. "Identification ofthe breast cancer susceptibility gene
BRCA2." Nature 378 (1995): 789-792.
29. Tavtigian Sv, Simard J , Rommens J, et al. "The complete BRCA2 gene and mutations in chro-
mosome 13q-linked kindreds." Nat. Genet. 12 (1996): 333-337.
30. Ford 0, Easton 0, Bishop DT, et al. "Risks of cancer in BRCAI mutation carriers." Lancet 343
(1994): 692-695.
31. Antoniou A, Pharoah PDp, Narod S, et at. "Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associ-
ated with BRCAI or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a
combined analysis of 22 studies." Am. ]. Hum. Genet. 72 (2003): 1117-1130.
32. Newman B, Mu H, Butler LM, et al. "Frequency of breast cancer attributable to BRCAI in a
population-based series of American women." lAMA 279 (1998): 915-921.
33. Peto], Collins N, Barfoot R, et al. "Prevalence of BRCAI and BRCA2 gene mutations in pa-
tients with early-onset breast cancer."]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999) : 943-949.
34. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Chen HH, et al. "Efficacy of breast cancer screening by age. New results
from the Swedish Two-County Trial." Cancer 75 (1995) : 2507-2517.
35. Bjurstram N, Bjomeld L, Duffy Sw, et a1. "The Gothenburg Breast Cancer Screening Trial:
first results on mortality, incidence, and mode of detection for women ages 39-49 years at
randomization." Cancer 80 (1997) : 2091-2099.
36. Frisell J, Lidbrink E, Hellstrom L, et at. "Follow-up after 11 years: update of mortality results
in the Stockholm mammographic screening trial." Breast Cancer Res. Treat 199745 (1997):
263-270.
37. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, et at. "Cancer statistics, 2001. " CA Cancer]. Clin.
51 (2001): 15-36.

Other books

The Stolen Bones by Carolyn Keene
Death in Vineyard Waters by Philip Craig
Body Shots by Amber Skyze
Tracie Peterson by Hearts Calling
Shades of Earl Grey by Laura Childs
Brandy Purdy by The Queen's Rivals
Home Ice by Rachelle Vaughn
Were What? by Celia Kyle
The Temple Mount Code by Charles Brokaw
ALIEN INVASION by Hallett, Peter