The Bitter Taste of Victory (75 page)

45  
‘ ‘‘Look out!’’ these dead’: EM, ‘Intellectuals’.

‘Closing time in the gardens of the West’

1  
Signed at the Hotel Petersberg, this was known officially as the Petersberg Treaty. Rather than providing for Marshall Aid, the treaty enabled West Germany to put in place negotiations with the US formally to receive Marshall Aid. In fact they had informally received it since 1948. The Council of Europe, founded in May 1949, aimed at encouraging European integration and facilitating economic and social progress.

2  
‘an act of faith’: Konrad Adenauer in an interview with Henry Andrews, ‘Adenauer speaks to Britain: “Your Full Co-operation in Europe is Essential”’,
Observer
, 11 Dec 1949.

3  
‘peace’, ‘two great’: Winston Churchill, cited in Meehan,
A Strange Enemy People
, p. 268.

4  
See Detlef Junker (ed.),
The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War 1945
–
1990: A Handbook,
Volume 1: 1945–1968 (German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2010). For popular culture: Uta G Poiger, ‘Cold War Politics and American Popular Culture in Germany’, pp. 439–44; for film: Daniel J. Leab, ‘Side by Side: Hollywood and German Film Culture’, pp. 457–63; for theatre: Andreas Höfele, ‘From Reeducation to Alternative Theater: German-American Theater Relations’, pp. 464–71; for French cross-influences: Frank Trommler, ‘A New Start and Old Prejudices: The Cold War and German American Cultural Relations, 1945–63’, pp. 371–87; for fine art: Sigrid Ruby, ‘Fascination, Ignorance and Rejection: Changing Transatlantic Perspectives in the Visual Arts, 1945–1968’, pp. 472–79.

5  
West’s thinking here seems somewhat controversial. From a socialist perspective, it could be argued that in fact madness and death had been pressed into the service of wealth and power, and that this had been true in other countries as well.

6  
‘why must mankind’: Hannah Arendt,‘The Aftermath of Nazi Rule’,
Commentary,
1950, pp. 341–53 (p. 343).

‘the Jews themselves’, ‘better’: poll, 1952, cited in Judt,
Postwar
, p. 272.

7  
‘a short jaunt’: MG to Adlai Stevenson, 11 Oct 1962, MG Archive.

‘incurable’, ‘quiescent sheep’, ‘Remove those’: MG to Adlai Stevenson, 26 Dec 1962, MG Archive.

‘deep depression’: MG, diary, 24 Nov 1962, MG Archive.

8  
‘He hadn’t just’: WHA to Hedwig Petzold, 14 May 1955, WHA Archive.

‘Alas the city’: WHA to Elizabeth Mayer, 7 Jul 1955, WHA Archive.

‘great tracks’, ‘overwhelming propaganda’, ‘hectic shouting’: SS, diary, 9 Oct 1955, in Stephen Spender,
New Selected Journals 1939
–
1995
, ed. Lara Feigel and John Sutherland (Faber, 2012).

‘in much the’,‘indulging in’: SS, diary, 7 Jul 1955, in Spender,
New Selected Journals.

9  
‘one of the’: see Friedrich,
City of Nets
, p. 412.

Reports of book burnings: Jessica Gienow-Hecht, ‘American Cultural Foreign Policy Towards Germany, 1949–69’, in Junker,
The United States and Germany,
p. 405.

‘cultural desert’: TM, cited in Lepenies,
The Seduction of Culture
, p. 201.

10  
‘clear spirit’, ‘youthfully supple’, ‘illumined’: EM,
The Last Year,
trans. Richard Graves (Secker & Warburg, 1958), pp. 91, 1.

‘Where is your Eissi?’: EM to Frau Gamst, 8 Feb 1960, in EM,
Briefe und Antworten
.

11  
For the demonstrations and placards, see Nick Thomas,
Protest Movements in 1960s West Germany: A Social History of Dissent and Democracy
, (Berg, 2003), p. 113–14.

‘this is the generation’: Esslin, cited in Thomas,
Protest Movements
, p. 123.

12  
‘sickly parliament’, ‘end of its’, ‘go out on’: Hans Magnus Enzensburger, speech delivered in Frankfurt am Main in 1968, cited in R. Hinton Thomas and Keith Bullivant,
Literature in Upheaval: West German Writers and the Challenge of the 1960s,
(Manchester University Press, 1974), p. 46.

13  
‘opposition to the American’, ‘the Red Army is established’, ‘Did the pigs’, ‘American imperialism’: ‘Die Rote Armee aufbauen!’,
Agit 883
, 22 May 1970, cited in Thomas,
Protest Movements
, p. 204.

14  
‘The sound goes’: Anselm Kiefer, ‘Building, Dwelling, Thinking’, cited in Kathleen Soriano,
Anselm Kiefer
(Royal Academy of Arts, 2014), p. 22.

15  
‘the day may’: SS, ‘The Intellectuals and the Future of Europe’,
The Gate / Das Tor
, 1:1, Jan–Mar 1947, p. 6.

16  
‘since wars begin’: UNESCO First General Conference, 20 Nov-10 Dec 1946, cited in Fernando Valderrama,
A History of Unesco
(Unesco Publishing, 1995), p. 25.

17  
‘Dachau, and all’: MG to Betsy Drake, 15 Jan 1972, MG Archive.

Lee Miller’s friend Anne-Laure Lyon later recalled Miller sobbing in old age as she recalled her visits to the death camps. Miller regretted that risk takers like herself and Lyon sometimes rushed into situations unprepared and brought out the photographs she had taken in the concentration camps that had remained hidden for years (Carolyn Burke,
Lee Miller: On Both Sides of the Camera
, Bloomsbury, 2006, p. 345).

18  
‘between man, betrayed’, ‘For it is closing’: Cyril Connolly, ‘Comment’,
Horizon,
, Dec 1949–Jan 1950, p. 362.

19  
‘Aren’t you ashamed’, ‘should be lynched’: cited in Bach,
Marlene Dietrich
, p. 398.

‘such awful gooey’: cited in Bach,
Marlene Dietrich,
p. 399.

20  
‘She is a’, ‘fascinating as a’:
Handlesblatt
(Düsseldorf), 20/21 May, 1960, cited in Bach,
Marlene Dietrich,
p. 402.

21  
‘Splitsville’: cited in Sikov,
On Sunset Boulevard
, p. 258.

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—
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— and John Mair,
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From Shadow to Substance 1945–1963
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—
Ardennes 1944: Hitler’s Last Gamble
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— and Hans Booms and Otto Merker,
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Gesammelte Werke
, 20 Bände (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1968)

—
Arbeitsjournal 1938–1955
(Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 1977)

—
Poems 1913–1956
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—
Journals 1934–1955
, trans. by Hugh Rorrison and ed. by John Willett (New York: Routledge, 1996)

Brickner, Richard Max,
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Brockmann, Stephen,
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(Columbia: Camden House, 2010)

—
German Literary Culture at the Zero Hour
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Brockway, Fenner,
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(London: Victor Gollancz, 1946)

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Faust
’, in
The Cambridge Companion to Goethe,
ed. by Lesley Sharpe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 84–100