The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (68 page)

43.
Jerusalem Report,
Shalom, Friend
, 94; Beilin, 161–62.

44.
Rabin, 559–60. Jerusalem Report,
Shalom, Friend
, 94.

45.
Rabin, 560–63.

46.
YTA 15Galili/4/10/70, Apr. 12, 1977.

47.
YTA 15 Galili/2/3/108, Nov. 8, 1976; YTA 15Galili/2/2/117, Jan. 16, 1977; YTA 15Galili/2/3/138, Mar. 1, 1977; YTA 15/Galili/4/9A/13, Apr. 14, 1977.

48.
PS, memo of Mar. 29, 1977, requesting permission for purchase, signed by Peres, Galili, and Agriculture Minister Aharon Uzan.

49.
Demant, 500.

50.
Rabin, 563.

51.
Ma’ariv
, May 16, 1977, 3.

52.
Penniman, 179.

53.
Penniman, 161.

54.
Haim Gouri, “Bamarbolet,”
Davar,
June 10, 1977, 2.

55.
As noted above, for technical reasons there are slight discrepancies in listings of settlement numbers. As of June 20, 1977, when the Rabin government left office, there were 79 settlements. The number is based on the listing at Admoni,
Asor
, 202–6, and Admoni, interview. From the list I have subtracted settlements that did not become permanent or that were established after June 20, 1977, and have added Ofrah, Kaddum/Elon Moreh, and Kfar Ruth, located in what had been no-man’s-land between Jordan and Israel before 1967. This number includes Snir, located in a pre-1967 DMZ, on land that had been claimed by Israel but de facto controlled by Syria on June 4, 1967. Note that Galili (YTA 15Galili/2/3/77) gives the number of settlements “beyond the Green Line” as 68 on Aug. 9, 1976, of which 24 were established under the Rabin government. Admoni, Ad. MS 77:40, lists a total of 33 settlements during the Rabin government, indicating that nine more were established by the end of Rabin’s term than appear in Galili’s count. The total would therefore be 77. That figure does not include Kaddum/Elon Moreh or Ofrah, so the actual total, again, is 79.

56.
Galili, YTA 15Galili/4/7/9, gives a population of 8,090 as of Feb. 18, 1976. Demant, 524, cites an estimate of 11,000–13,000 by the end of Rabin’s term. I have used the lower figure, since an increase of over 50 percent in 15 months appears unlikely, even given the wide construction of new housing.

57.
Demant, 524, cites an estimate of 45,000, noting this is “generous” and based on a count of 10,300 housing units.

58.
Meir Shalev,
Roman Russi
(Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1988), 343–44, published in English as
The Blue Mountain,
trans. Hillel Halkin (Jerusalem: Domino, 1991). The translation here is mine.

59.
Ma’ariv, Yediot Aharonot
, May 20, 1977.

Epilogue: Ephemeral, for the Fourth Decade

1.
BAGATZ 1661/05, statement of the respondents.

2.
Negbi 44. The position was originally put forward by Attorney General Gavriel Bach during a Supreme Court hearing in BAGATZ 606/78 in which Palestinian landowners challenged expropriation of their property for the settlement of Beit El.

3.
According to tables provided by the Population Administration of the Interior Ministry, 247,378 Israelis listed their legal addresses in West Bank settlements on July 31, 2005. According to the Peace Now Settlement Watch, 101 unauthorized outposts also existed at that time in the West Bank. “The West Bank—Facts and Figures—August 2005,”
www.peacenow.org.il/site/en/peace.asp?pi=203&docid=1430&pos=0
. Settlement Watch director Dror Etkes (interview) estimated the total population of the outposts as 1,500–2,000. Most outpost residents were probably registered as residing in recognized settlements, so their number does not increase the West Bank total.

4.
As of Dec. 31, 2003, 179,600 Jews lived in Jerusalem neighborhoods outside the Green Line.
Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2004
(Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, in preparation), chap. 3.

5.
As of Dec. 31, 2004, 16,100 Jews were resident in the Golan. Central Bureau of Statistics, spokesperson’s office, provisional figures. The Interior Ministry’s Population Administration does not tabulate separate figures for the Golan.

6.
As of July 31, 2005, 9,053 Israelis lived in seventeen recognized settlements, according to the Population Administration of the Interior Ministry. An estimated 174 lived in four unauthorized outposts, according to the Peace Now Settlement Watch. See “Disengagement: Profiling the Settlements—July 2005,”
www.peacenow.org.il/site/en/peace.asp?pi=203&docid=1369&pos=2
. It is likely that most outpost residents were registered as living in the authorized Gaza settlements, so their number does not increase the total for the Gaza Strip.

7.
Population Administration, Interior Ministry: 31,106 registered residents on July 31, 2005.

8.
Ofrah: 2,443 residents, July 31, 2005. Population Administration, Interior Ministry.

9.
Talya Sason, “Havat Da’at Beinayim Benose Ma’ahazim Bilti Murshim,” legal opinion presented to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, 2005.

10.
Gershom Gorenberg, “At What Price?”
Mother Jones
, July–Aug. 2003; Dror Tzaban, “Omdan Helki Shel Taktzivei Memshalah Hamufnim Lehitnahaluyot Bagadah Hama’aravit Uvirtzu’at Azah Veshel Hatiktzuv Ha’odef Bishnat 2001,” report prepared for Peace Now, January 2003; Yehezkel Lein, “Land Grab: Israel’s Settlement Policy in the West Bank,” trans. Shaul Vardi and Zvi Shulman (Jerusalem: B’Tselem, 2002).

11.
As of Dec. 31, 2004, 21,800 non-Jews were resident in the Golan. Central Bureau of Statistics, spokesperson’s office, provisional figures.

12.
As of Dec. 31, 2003, 228,700 Arabs lived within the Jerusalem city limits, 98% in the land annexed in June 1967.
Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2004
(Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, in preparation), chap. 3.

13.
Official figures of the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics and its Palestinian counterpart showed that on the eve of Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza, 49.3% of the population in Israel, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights was Jewish; another 2.7% were non-Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union; 46.2% were Arabs. The remainder were foreign workers in Israel. Amiram Bareket, “Larishonah: Shi’ur Heyehudim Bashetahim Shebishlitat Yisrael—Pahot Me-50%,”
Ha’aretz
, Aug. 11, 2005: A1.

14.
See pages 50–51.

15.
YAOH VI: 13.

16.
Gorenberg,
End of Days
, 117–18, 132–37; Ehud Sprinzak,
Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination
(New York: Free Press, 1999), 155–72; Segal,
Dear Brothers
, passim.

17.
While the name “Gush Emunim” continued to be used loosely to describe the religious settler movement, the organization ceased functioning. Amana, the settlement organization it had established, continued the work of planning and establishing new settlements, while the Council of Settlements in Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza District represented the settlers publicly and politically.

18.
Jim Hoagland, “Sharon Sees Time Ripe to Regain Defense Post,”
Washington Post
, Nov. 7, 1988; Gershom Gorenberg, “A Belief in Force,”
American Prospect
, Apr. 8, 2002; Gershom Gorenberg, “Road Map to Grand Apartheid?”
American Prospect
, July 3, 2003.

19.
Yishuvei Gush Katif: Hagevul Hehadash—Etgar Lehityashvut
(Sept. 1982).

20.
Morris,
Victims
, 565.

21.
In 1995 the political scientist Ehud Sprinzak would estimate members of what he termed the “Gush Emunim culture” as comprising about a fourth of all West Bank settlers. The proportion is much smaller if Jewish residents of East Jerusalem are included.

22.
At the end of 1984, there were 102 settlements in the West Bank, with 35,300 residents, and 10 in Gaza, with 1,600 residents. At the end of 1988, there were 110 West Bank settlements with 63,700 residents, and 12 Gaza Strip settlements, with 2,700 residents. Central Bureau of Statistics, spokesperson’s office.

23.
See “Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip,” Sept. 28, 1995,
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT
.

24.
Dan Be’eri, “Shuv Ha’Saison’ Bapetah,”
Nekuda
, Mar. 1994: 22–26.

25.
See Gorenberg,
End of Days
, 203–8. The Hamas campaign of suicide attacks began at the end of the customary forty days of mourning after the Hebron massacre.

26.
Sprinzak,
Brother Against Brother
, 253–55.

27.
Ha’aretz
, Oct. 6, 1995.

28.
Morris,
Victims
, 646–48; “Provocative Words Raise Mideast Tensions,” CNN, Nov. 16, 1998,
www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9811/15/mideast.wrap/
.

29.
See Sason, “Havat Da’at.”

30.
Leslie Susser and Isabel Kershner, “The Tragedy of Errors,”
Jerusalem Report
, July 16, 2001: 10–16.

31.
Ari Shavit, “Oto Sharon,”
Ha’aretz
Weekend Magazine, Apr. 13, 2001: 19–22.

32.
“Address by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon at the Fourth Herzliya Conference, December 18, 2003,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2003/Address+by+PM+Ariel+Sharon+at+the+Fourth+Herzliya.htm
.

33.
Yoel Marcus, “Hapinui Hamtukhnan: Esrim Hitnahaluyot Birtzu’at Azah Uvagadah Betokh Shanah-Shenatayim,”
Ha’aretz
, Feb. 3, 2004.

34.
Olmert floated the trial balloon for unilateral withdrawal before Sharon’s first speech on the subject, quoting Ben-Gurion on preferring a Jewish state to the Whole Land.
Yediot Abaronot
, Dec. 5, 2003: B2.

35.
Ari Shavit, “Beshem Marsho,”
Ha’aretz
, Oct. 8, 2004.

36.
Ephraim Yaar and Tamar Hermann, “Peace Index: July 2005: The Disengagement as a Done Deal,” spirit.tau.ac.il/socant/peace/peaceindex/2005/files/july2005e.doc.

37.
Haim Gouri, “Predah,”
Yediot Aharonot
Shabbat magazine, Aug. 12, 2005: 14–15.