The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (62 page)

14.
FRUS XX:287.

15.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL ISR-US, W. Rostow memo of Oct. 24, 1968, and attached W. Rostow note to Johnson, Oct. 23, 1968; FRUS XX:285.

16.
FRUS XX:289.

17.
ISA 43/7234/7A, document 287; Lammfromm, 643–45, 649.

18.
Pedatzur, 247. Ad. MS 68:26 cites the same source document and dates it as Oct. 31, 1969, but brings it in material for 1968. Since the issue of the Bedouin was raised by Dayan in the cabinet meeting of Jan. 26, 1969, “1969” can be presumed to be a typo, and the date given in the published edition of Admoni,
Asor
, 63 (Oct. 1, 1969) is a compound error.

19.
FRUS XX:303.

20.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL ISR-US, Memcon of Nov. 18, 1968.

21.
LBJ NSF country files, vol. 10, memos.

22.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 28 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Airgram A-131, Jan. 31, 1968.

23.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 28 Jordan, Jerusalem cable 1696, Sept. 27, 1968.

24.
Simons, 118.

25.
YLE 5/31, correspondence of Sept. 24–Oct. 16, 1968; NARA RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 28 Jordan, Jerusalem cable 1696, Sept. 27, 1968, Jerusalem airgram A-358, Oct. 10, 1968.

26.
Ma’ariv
and
Ha’aretz
, Oct. 10–11, 1968.

27.
YLE 5/31, Bet Rosh Hodesh Kislev, 5728 (Nov. 22, 1968).

28.
YLE 5/31, Kislev 14, 5728 (Dec. 5, 1968).

29.
Moshe Moskovic private papers, Har Etzion yeshivah letters of Nov. 12, 1968; Porat, interview; Moskovic, interview; “Harav Yehuda Amital,”
www.vbm-torah.org/rya.htm
.

30.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, budget document of May 15, 1968; ISA 153.8/7921/5A document 201.

31.
ISA 153.8/7231/1A, document 155.

32.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 50.

33.
Douer, 47–49; Pedatzur, 219–20.

34.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 60, Oct. 15, 1968; cf. Dayan’s letter of Sept. 4, 1968, to Eshkol, cited in Admoni,
Asor
, 44–45.

35.
E.g., YLE 5/31, Aug. 9, 1968, Dayan proposal to cabinet on raising standard of living and services in occupied territories.

36.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 ARAB-ISR, Tel Aviv Airgram A-1233, Oct. 5, 1968.

37.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 ARAB-ISR, Tel Aviv Airgram A-1302, Nov. 9, 1968; Grinberg, 192–95; Admoni, interview.

38.
Ad. MS 68:17–20.

39.
Pedatzur, 145–55.

40.
LBJ NSF country files, vol. 10, cables, document 89.

41.
Lammfromm, 645; Grinberg, 193–94.

42.
Arie Lova Eliav,
Ye’adim Hadashim Leyisrael
(Tel Aviv: Betzalel Cherikover, Feb. 1969), 7–8, 11.

43.
Eliav,
Ye’adim
; Eliav,
Tabe’ot Edut
(Rings of Faith) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1984), 288–92; Eliav, interview.

44.
Yossi Sarid, interview; Amnon Barzilai, “Mibrerat Mehdal Ve’ad Lamehdal,”
Ha’aretz,
Oct. 10, 2003, B4.

45.
Victor Shemtov,
Ehad Mehem
(Kibbutz Daliah: Ma’arekhet, 1997), 41.

46.
Medzini, 350–51; Beilin, 52–53; description of Sapir based in part on Admoni, interview.

47.
Lammfromm, 654.

48.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 12 ISR, Tel Aviv airgram A-54, Jan. 26, 1969.

49.
Pedatzur, 221–25; MER IV: 743; YAOH VIII:18–19; “Israel’s Decision: Security Without Peace,”
Time,
Feb. 7, 1969. The cover date is a week after the publication date of Jan. 31, 1969. The article presents the government as approving more of Allon’s proposals than it did at the time, possibly indicating that the source is Allon himself or a crony.

50.
“Eshkol: A Reply to Nasser,”
Newsweek,
Feb. 17, 1969, 28–29. Actual publication date was Feb. 10, 1969.

51.
NARA, Nixon NSC Country Files, Middle East, Israel, vol. 1, Feb. 12, 1969.

52.
Lammfromm, 655; Michael Elkins, “Notebook of an Irreverent Correspondent,”
Jerusalem Report
, May 14, 1998, 68.

53.
Medzini, 352.

54.
Admoni, 68. On Kalya: NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 ARAB-ISR, Jerusalem airgrams A-35, February 25, 1969 and A-38, March 4, 1969; “Israel Settling in to Stay,”
Time
, February 28, 1969. On the discrepancies between descriptions of the site in the airgrams and
Time
, see page 188.

55.
Eliav, February 8, 2004.

56.
Admoni, 68–69.

57.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 202.

58.
YLE 5/31, Dec. 16, 1968.

59.
Eshkol expressed trepidation about Nixon as president on various occasions. E.g., Eshkol in ISA 153.8/7921/13A, political committee meeting, Sept. 20, 1968; and cf. Eban’s comments in ISA 153.8/7921/13A, political committee meeting, Dec. 27, 1968, “Regarding putting together a cabinet the impression is that he has taken the approach of appointing people even less impressive than himself. Some say it is not so easy to find such people.”

60.
ISA 153.8/7931/3A, document 166, January 31, 1969.

61.
William Bundy,
A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 56–57, 76–77.

62.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 11.

63.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 348; Bundy, 54–57, 126.

64.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 349–51; Quandt, 69–70.

65.
Medzini, 21–60.

66.
Ibid., 123–24.

67.
Ibid., 355.

68.
MER V:745; Medzini, 356.

7. The Reign of Hubris

1.
“Israel Settling in to Stay,”
Time
, Feb. 28, 1969.

2.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967-69, POL 27 ARAB-ISR, Jerusalem airgram A-38, Mar. 4, 1969.

3.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967-69, POL ISR-US, memos of Mar. 12, 1969.

4.
Quandt, 74–80; Bundy, 126–27; Kissinger,
White House Years
, 368–69; Morris,
Victims
, 349ff.

5.
ISA 106/2993/1P, Mar. 18, 1969.

6.
ISA 106/2993/1P, Apr. 18, 1969.

7.
Beilin, 53, who cites Shapira on the kitchen’s composition; Medzini, 380–81.

8.
Simons, 14, 17.

9.
Ibid., 4–5.

10.
Ibid., 69, 117–19.

11.
Ibid., 120; MER V:357; Benjamin Katzover, Feb. 10, 2004.

12.
MER V:358; Simons, 13, 31, 36, 91.

13.
Simons, 22, 28–29.

14.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 60.

15.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 60; Tsur,
Hakibbutz Hame’uhad
, 140–41, 146, 154–55, 162.

16.
Admoni,
Asor
, 31; Ad. MS 69:29, 70:44; Admoni, interview; Peter Robert Demant,
Ploughshares into Swords: Israeli Settlement Policy in the Occupied Territories, 1967–1977
(doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1988), 209–12, 217.

17.
Kalinov, 60–62.

18.
Douer, 99–103. An initial group of Nahal soldiers arrived May 27, the rest on June 2. The founding ceremony was held July 13, leading to conflicting accounts in other sources on when the settlement was established.

19.
Oded Lifshitz, interview; ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 202 (85–21).

20.
Douer, 100.

21.
Demant, 237 n. 105.

22.
Douer, 100–103.

23.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 202 (85–21); Ad. MS 68:26.

24.
BAGATZ 302/72, attached to affidavit of Lt. Col. Dov Shefi; cf. affidavit of Col. Ofer Ben-David, and ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 202 (85–21). The map attached to the latter document is not to scale. Ben-David states that the settlement of Sadot—the first of the three planned for the area—was located in the land that was seized. The area of Diklah marked in the map attached to the 1969 orders is approximately 60 acres; the seized area is approximately 120 acres.

25.
BAGATZ 302/72, affidavits of Col. Ofer Ben-David and Lt. Col. Yosef Cohen. On the distinction between expropriating and seizing land: Moshe Negbi, interview.

26.
Netzer, 260; Archive of the Institute for the Research of Religious Zionism, division for religious settlement, file 44, invitation to founding of Rosh Tzurim, July 30, 1969.

27.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 71; Douer, 87ff.

28.
Douer, 87–90, 166–69, 192–95; Ad. MS 69:37.

29.
Medzini, 357–58.

30.
Beilin, 54–58. Oral doctrine text: YTA 15Galili/32/4/3.

31.
See Meir’s comments on page 190. Meir’s hawkish record is consistent. On June 25, 1969, she instructed Eban and Rabin to again inform the U.S. administration of the Oct. 31, 1968, decision that Israel would keep Sharm al-Sheikh and a territorial link to it; ISA 43/7234/7A, document 287; cf. NARA RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL ISR-US, Saunders memos of June 25 and July 1, 1969. In April 1968, Meir wrote to Yehudah Harel to express support for permanent civilian settlement in the Golan Heights.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 38.

32.
Medzini, 364.

33.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 7 ISR, Rogers memo of Sept. 18, 1969.

34.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 368–69.

35.
Ibid., 370.

36.
Quandt, 80; cf. Kissinger,
White House Years
, 359.

37.
Benziman, 203–5.

38.
ISA 153.8/7920/8A, document 302, Dec. 23, 1968.

39.
Benziman, 234–37.

40.
Simons, 17.

41.
On allowing settlers to vote, MER V:345ff.

42.
Merom Golan: Reshit,
67.

43.
Howard R. Penniman, ed.
Israel at the Polls: The Knesset Elections of 1977
(Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1979), 123–24.

44.
Beilin, 86–87.

45.
Ben-Meir, interview.

46.
“Statement by Secretary of State Rogers—9 December 1969,”
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1947-1974/9%20Statement%20by%20Secretary%20of%20State%20Rogers%209%20Decemb
.

47.
Quandt, 82.

48.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 376.

49.
“Israel Rejects the Rogers Plan, Cabinet Statement, 22 December 1969,”
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1947-1974/10%20Israel%20Rejects%20the%20Rogers%20Plan%20Cabinet%20Stateme
.

50.
Quandt, 81–82; Bundy, 128.

51.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 376–79.

52.
Eliav,
Tabe’ot Edut
, 293–97; “The Lion’s Roar,”
Time,
Jan. 26, 1970.