Stories in Stone (41 page)

3.
Stewart Brand,
How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built
(New York: Viking, 1994), 49.

4.
“Tor House,”
Selected Poetry
, 197.

5.
Aaron Yoshinobu, interview with author, Carmel, California, April 28, 2006.

6.
“To the House,”
Selected Poetry
, 82.

7.
“Tamar,” Ibid., 49.

8.
“The Old Stonemason,”
Robinson Jeffers Selected Poems
, the centenary edition, ed.
Colin Falck (Manchester, England: Carcanet, 1987), 81.

9.
Ibid.

10.
“Gray Weather,”
Selected Poetry
, 572.

11.
“The Inhumanist,” Robinson Jeffers,
The Double Axe and Other Poems
(New York: Random House, 1948), 54.

12.
“Woman at Point Sur,”
The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers
, vol.
1, ed.
Tim Hunt (Palo Alto,CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 309.

13.
“The Inhumanist,”
Double Axe
, 57.

14.
Melba Berry Bennett,
The Stone Mason of Tor House
(Los Angeles: Ritchie, 1966), 4.

15.
Selected Letters
, 353.

16.
Bennett,
Stone Mason
, 24.

17.
Sidney S.
Albert,
A Bibliography of the Works of Robinson Jeffers
(New York: Bert Franklin, 1968), XVI.

18.
Bennett,
Stone Mason
, 31.

19.
Ibid., 47.

20.
Selected Letters
, 353.

21.
Los Angeles Times
review, December 8, 1912, written under the name Willard Huntington Wright but generally attributed to Jeffers according to
Alex Vardamis,
The Critical Reputation of Robinson Jeffers;A Biographical Study
(Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1972), 35.

22.
Lawrence Clark Powell,
An Introduction to Robinson Jeffers
(Ph.D.
diss., University of Dijon, 1932), 9.

23.
Bennett,
Stone Mason
, 71.

24.
Ibid., 70.

25.
Robert Brophy, “M.
J.
Murphy Masterbuilder and Tor House,”
Robinson Jeffers
Newsletter
78 (1990): 24–27.

26.
“The Bed by the Window,”
Selected Poetry
, 362.

27.
“The Last Conservative,”
The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers
, vol.
3, ed.
Tim Hunt (Palo Alto,CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), 18.

28.
Dennis Copeland, archivist with the Monterey Public Library, wrote in an e-mail in April 2006 that the salvaged porthole
most likely came from the brig
Natalia
, which had sunk near Monterey on December 21, 1834, and not from Napoleon’s ship the
Inconstant
, as reported by Donnan Jeffers in
The
Stone of Tor House
.

29.
Dave Barbeau, phone interview with author, April 2006.

30.
About 27 million years ago the subducting Farallon Plate disappeared completely under North America.
The Pacific Plate,
which was moving northwest, became dominant and began to carry material up the California coast, and the San Andreas Fault
was born.

31.
James M.
Mattinson and Eric W.
James, “Salinian Block U/Pb Age and Isotopic Variations: Implications for Origin and Emplacement
of the Salinian Terrane,”
Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Circum-Pacific Region: Circum-Pacific
Council Energy Mineral Resources
, ed.
D.
G.
Howell, Earth Science, series 1 (1985): 215–26.

32.
Dana Gioia, review of
Rock and Hawk: A Selection of Shorter Poems by Robinson
Jeffers
, ed.
Robert Hass,
Nation
246, no.
2 ( January 16, 1988): 56–64.

33.
“Old age hath clawed me,”
The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers
, vol.
4, ed.
Tim Hunt (Palo Alto,CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 484.

34.
“Flight of Swans,”
Selected Poetry
, 577.

35.
“Pelicans,”
Collected Poetry
, v.
1, 207.

36.
Ibid., 207.

37.
“Birds and Fishes,”
Collected Poetry
, v.
3, 426.

38.
“The Loving Shepherdess,”
Selected Poetry
, 357.

39.
“The Women at Point Sur,”
Selected Poetry
, 154.

40.
“All night long,”
Collected Poetry
, v.
3, 481.

41.
“Pelicans,”
Collected Poetry
, v.
1, 207.

42.
“Night Without Sleep,”
Selected Poetry
, 609.

43.
“Rock and Hawk,”
Selected Poetry
, 563.

44.
“The Last Conservative,”
Collected Poetry
, v.
3, 418.

45.
“Tor House,”
Selected Poetry
, 197.

4:
DEEP TIME IN MINNESOTA

1.
Siccar appears to derive from scaur, a rock or precipice.

2.
Basil Tikoff, phone interview with author, November 2005.
Tikoff is also the “one geologist” quoted at the end of the chapter.

3.
J.
C.
Beltrami,
Pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the discovery of the
sources of the Mississippi and Bloody river; with a description of the whole course of
the former and of the Ohio
(London: Hunt and Clarke, 1828), 318.

4.
Ibid., 319.

5.
George Thiel and Carl Dutton, “Architectural, Structural, and Monumental Stones of Minnesota,”
Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin
25 (1935): 92.

6.
William Keating,
Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St.
Peter’s River, Lake
Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c.
performed in the Year 1823
(Philadelphia: George B.
Whittaker, 1824), 350.

7.
Ussher (1581–1656) was not alone in generating dates.
In 1809 Irish professor William Hales listed 156 proposed Creation
dates ranging from sixty-five hundred to thirty-six hundred years before Christ’s birth.

8.
John Playfair, “Biographical Account of the Late Dr.
James Hutton,”
Transactions
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
5 (1805).

9.
Most information on age-of-Earth dates comes from
The Age of the Earth:
from 4004
bc
to
ad
2002
, ed.
C.
L.
E.
Lewis and S.
J.
Knell, Geological Society Special Publication 190 (2001).

10.
S.
S.
Goldich,A.
O.
C.
Nier, H.
Baadsgaard, and J.
H.
Hoffman,“K40/A40 dating of Precambrian rocks of Minnesota (abs),”
Geological Society of America
Bulletin
67 (1956): 1698–99.

11.
Pb is the chemical symbol for lead because its Latin name was
plumbum nigrum
, black lead, which also gave us the word plumbing.
Uranium received its name from its discoverer, Martin Klaproth, who named
the new element in 1789 for the then most recently discovered planet, Uranus, which referred to Urania, the muse of astronomy
and geometry.
Coincidentally, Klaproth also discovered zirconium.

12.
Zircon derives from the Persian words
zar
, or gold, and
gun
, or color, in reference to the mineral’s color.

13.
Typical magmas are rich in a stew of various elements, most of which occur in miniscule amounts.
When minerals crystallize
they can incorporate these trace elements, although the elements don’t show up in the mineral’s chemical formula.
For example,
zircon’s formula is ZrSiO
₄
but it can also include promethium, hafnium, yttrium, and samarium, as well as uranium.

14.
Pat Bickford, phone interviews with author, June 2007.

15.
E.
J.
Catanzaro, “Zircon ages in southwestern Minnesota,”
Journal of Geophysical
Research
68 (1963): 2045–48.

16.
S.
S.
Goldich and C.
E.
Hedge, “3,800-Myr granitic gneisses in south-western Minnesota,”
Nature
252 (December 6, 1974): 467–68.

17.
M.
E.
Bickford, J.
L.
Wooden, and R.
L.
Bauer, “SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean Rocks in the Minnesota River
Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province,”
Geological Society of America
Bulletin
118 (2006), 94–108.

18.
Robert Stern, phone interview with author, May 2007.

19.
Kent Condie, phone interview with author, June 2007.

20.
Mark Gross, interview with author,Morton, Minnesota, May 21, 2007.

21.
D.
L.
Southwick and V.
W.
Chandler, “Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: implications
for late Archean accretionary tectonics,”
Canadian Journal of Earth Science
33 (1996): 831–47.

22.
You also may see the term migmatite, a word used by geologists to describe well-mixed rocks such as the Morton.
Not all
gneisses are migmatic but all migmatites are gneiss.

23.
Dan Rea, interview with author, Cold Spring, Minnesota, May 21, 2007.

24.
G.W.
Featherstonhaugh,
A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor
(London: Richard Bentley, 1847), 326.

25.
Named for Civil War veteran General Gouverneur Kemble Warren, who hypothesized such a river during a survey in 1868.

26.
This is the total area ever covered by the lake.
Its maximum size at one time was 324,000 square miles, about the combined
size of Texas and Oklahoma.
Data comes from two papers.
David Leverington, Jason Mann, and James Teller, “Changes in the Bathymetry
and Volume of Glacial Lake Agassiz between 9200 and 7700 14C yr B.P.,”
Quaternary Research
57 (2002):244–52, and James Teller and David Leverington, “Glacial Lake Agassiz: A 5000 yr history of change and its relationship
to the 18O record of Greenland,”
GSA Bulletin
116 (2004): 729–42.

5:
THE CLAM THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

1.
Robert M.
Weir, “Charles Town Circa 1702: On the Cusp,”
El Escribano
39 (2002): 64–79.

2.
Verner Winslow Crane,
The Southern Frontier
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956), 75.

3.
Details from the attack come from Charles W.
Arnande,“The Siege of St.
Augustine in 1702,”
University of Florida Monographs
, Social Sciences, no.
3, Summer 1959.

4.
Joe Brehm, interview with author, St.
Augustine, Florida, January 5, 2007.

5.
The peaceful transfer was part of the Adams-Onis Treaty, which settled territorial boundaries between Spain and the United
States in Florida, Texas, and the Rocky Mountains.

6.
Joe Brehm told me that in 1935, after Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland starred in the movie
Captain Blood
, which featured a fortress with a moat, the National Park Service received hundreds of pounds of mail requesting that the
fort fill its moat.

7.
Gastroliths are rocks swallowed by birds that aid in digestion.
Dinosaurs also swallowed gastroliths.

8.
Wendy B.
Zomlefer and David E.
Giannasi, “Floristic Survey of Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, St.
Augustine,
Florida,”
Castanea
70 (2005):222–36.