Sidelined (36 page)
Authors: Simon Henderson
40
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
41
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
240.
42
. Carlos with Zirin,
John Carlos Story,
121.
43
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.
44
. Interview with George Young, September 8, 2004.
45
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
104.
46
. R. Paul, “Setting the 1968 Record Straight,” 15.
47
. Roby to Brundage, August 8, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 62, “Roby, M., Douglas F.” folder, 1968 correspondence, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
48
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
243.
49
. R. Paul, “Setting the 1968 Record Straight,” 15.
50
. Brundage to Pratt, November 13, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
51
. Statement of U.S. Olympic Committee, October 17, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
52
. Brundage to Rudnetsky, November 18, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
53
. Brundage to Pratt, November 13, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
54
. Brundage to Dunne, November 13, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage papers, University of Illinois.
55
. Quoted in Bass,
Not the Triumph,
274â78.
56
.
Pittsburgh Courier,
October 26, 1968.
57
.
Newsweek,
October 28, 1968.
58
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
October 23, 1968.
59
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
November 6, 1968.
60
.
Pittsburgh Courier,
October 26, 1968.
61
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 73.
62
. Shaw, “Two Warring Ideals,” 33.
63
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
245.
64
. Proceedings of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the United States Olympic Committee, December 1, 1968, Mexico City incident file, 1968â69, Lentz Papers.
65
.
Chicago Daily News,
March 28, 1968.
66
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 68.
67
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
191.
68
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
69
. Carlos with Zirin,
John Carlos Story,
114.
70
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
78.
71
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
191.
72
. Interview with Hal Connolly, January 13, 2004. In the course of writing this work I spoke briefly with Ed Burke, but he did not want to comment on the events of that meeting or the 1968 Olympics in general, arguing that he had made his stand then and that was all he had to say on the matter.
73
. Ibid.
74
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
75
. Roby to Parker, November 5, 1968, copy in author's possession.
76
. Waddell and Schapp,
Gay Olympian,
107.
77
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.
78
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.
79
. Group 3, box A3, Sports, NAACP collection.
80
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
81
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
245.
82
. Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
28.
83
. M. A. Rutter to Brundage, October 18, 1968, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
84
. Zirin, “Interview with John Carlos.”
85
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
86
. Harding, “Beyond Amnesia,” 476.
87
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
267â69.
88
. Ibid., 269.
89
. M. M. Smith, “Frozen Fists,” 394, 405â6.
90
. S. Henderson, “Nasty Demonstration.”
91
. Scott,
Athletic Revolution,
87â88.
92
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
93
.
International Herald Tribune,
October 18, 1968.
94
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
197.
95
. Murphy,
Last Protest,
276â77.
96
. Moore, “Eye of the Storm,” 64.
97
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
98
. Ibid.
99
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
100
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
101
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
205.
102
. Moore, “Eye of the Storm,” 64.
103
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
105.
104
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
205.
105
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
106
. Moore, “Eye of the Storm,” 64.
107
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.
108
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
109
. Interview with Cleve Livingston, August 18, 2004.
110
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
252.
111
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
112
. Interview with Bruce Bradley, November 22, 2004.
113
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
252.
114
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
115
. Interview with Bob Seagren, June 7, 2004.
116
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
306â9.
117
.
New York Times,
October 19, 1968.
118
. Interview with George Young, September 8, 2004.
119
. Ibid.
120
. Interview with Jane Swagerty, November 19, 2004.
121
. Ibid.
122
. Interview with Dick Fosbury, February 5, 2004.
123
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.
124
. Interview with Larry Young, May 31, 2004.
125
. Ibid.
1
. Interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004.
2
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
3
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
131.
4
. Cited in Scott,
Athletic Revolution,
16. The full speech to the 1969 California State Conference of Athletics Directors is reprinted in Scott,
Athletic Revolution,
14â22.
5
. Zang,
SportsWars,
xviiiâxix.
6
. Ibid., xii.
7
. Oriard,
Sporting with the Gods,
456.
8
. Underwood, “Desperate Coach,” 66.
9
. Ibid., 73.
10
. A. Ripley, “Irate Black Athletes Stir Campus Tension,”
New York Times,
November 16, 1969.
11
. Underwood, “Desperate Coach,” 68.
12
. Ibid., 68.
13
. Lipset,
Rebellion in the University,
10â11.
14
. Peterson,
Black Students on White Campuses,
207.
15
. Underwood, “Desperate Coach,” 68.
16
. Edwards,
Sociology of Sport,
150.
17
. Bradley,
Harlem vs. Columbia University,
168.
18
. Rojas,
From Black Power to Black Studies,
34.
19
. P. Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
151.
20
. Ibid., 257.
21
. Estes,
I Am a Man,
136.
22
. Van Deburg.
Black Camelot,
70.
23
. X,
Autobiography of Malcolm X,
138â39.
24
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 316.
25
. Underwood, “Shave Off That Thing,” 22.
26
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 317â18.
27
. Interview with Dick Fosbury, February 5, 2004.
28
. Underwood. “Shave Off That Thing,” 23.
29
. Interview with Dick Fosbury, February 5, 2004.
30
. Edwards,
Sociology of Sport,
145â46.
31
. Ibid., 147.
32
. Interview with Dick Fosbury, February 5, 2004.
33
. Wiggins, “Future of College Athletics,” 325.
34
. Underwood, “Concessions and Lies,” 37.
35
. Ibid., 32.
36
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
184â85.
37
. Interview with John Dobroth, October 29, 2004.
38
. UAAâReport to Athletes, November 2, 1971, copy in author's possession, courtesy of John Dobroth.
39
. Interview with John Dobroth, October 29, 2004.
40
. Cassell to Dobroth, November 29, 1971, copy in author's possession.
41
. “Report of Olympic Games, Mexico City, 1968âRecommendations
for Future Games,” ProceedingsâMeeting of the Executive Committee of the USOC, December 1, 1968, USOC Archives.
42
. “Report from the Board of Consultants to the United States Olympic Committee Board of Directors,” ProceedingsâMeeting of the Executive Committee of the USOC, December 1, 1968, USOC Archives.
43
. “Investigation of Black Athlete Problem,” November 10, 1969, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.
44
. Ibid.
45
. Scott,
Athletic Revolution,
110.
46
.
Congressional Record,
July 22, 1969, McClellan Collection.
47
. “Investigation of Black Athlete Problem,” November 10, 1969, Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.
48
. Minutes of the NCAA Council, October 20â22, 1969, NCAA Archives.
49
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
247.
50
. See Racial Matters file, Byers Papers.
51
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
110.
52
. Interview with Joe Williams, November 7, 2004.
53
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
85â86. The racial situation in general at the University of Texas, El Paso, was highlighted by Jack Olsen in
The Black Athlete
.
54
.
New York Times,
November 8, 1969.
55
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
56
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.
57
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
115.
58
. “Athletes proposed statement of facts,” undated, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 7.
59
. Ibid.
60
. Putnam, “No Defeats,” 27.
61
. Interview with Joe Williams, November 7, 2004.
62
.
New York Times,
November 8, 1969.
63
. Demas,
Integrating the Gridiron,
117â18.
64
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
65
. Ibid.
66
. Ibid.
67
. Michener,
Sports in America,
161. It is unclear whether the player Michener refers to was in fact Hamilton, although it is worth noting that Hamilton did not mention such an incident in his interview with this author.
68
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.
69
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
70
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.
71
. Interview with Alan Zerfoss, September 12, 2004.
72
. Interview with Dr. Michael Newton, August 16, 2004; interview with Conrad Dobler, March 12, 2004; interview with Joe Williams, November 7, 2004.
73
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
224.
74
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.
75
. Putnam, “No Defeats,” 27.
76
. “Student Senate, Executive Committee,” October 18, 1969, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 12.
77
. “Student-faculty Committee Resolution,” October 22, 1969, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 12.
78
. “Faculty Senate,” October 28, 1969, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 12.
79
. “Testimony of William Carlson, 1969,” Schubert Papers, box 2, folder 12.
80
.
New York Times,
November 1, 1969.
81
. Interview with Joe Williams, November 7, 2004; interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
82
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
83
. “Black Student Alliance Statement,” October 28, 1969, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 8.
84
.
International Herald Tribune,
October 23, 1969.
85
.
International Herald Tribune,
October 27, 1969.
86
.
New York Times,
November 8, 1969.
87
. “Black Student Alliance Statement,” October 28, 1969, Schubert Papers, box 1, folder 8.