Sidelined (34 page)
Authors: Simon Henderson
46
.
New York Times,
February 16, 1968.
47
.
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
48
. Miroff, “Presidential Leverage.”
49
. Grundy,
Learning to Win,
267â68.
50
. Interview with Bob Abright, April 13, 2006.
51
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
52
. Roberts and Olsen,
Winning Is the Only Thing,
166.
53
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
26.
54
. E. Barkley Brown, “Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African-American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom,” in Dailey, Gilmore, and Simon,
Jumpin' Jim Crow,
52.
55
. Interview with Wyomia Tyus, October 16, 2004.
56
. Estes,
I Am a Man,
98â105.
57
. Kemper,
College Football,
28â31.
58
. P. Miller, “To Bring the Race along Rapidly: Sport, Student Culture, and Educational Mission at Historically Black Colleges during the Interwar Years,” in Miller,
Sporting World,
131.
59
. Interview with Conrad Dobler, March 12, 2004.
60
. Interview with Melvin Hamilton, April 19, 2004.
61
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.
62
. Cleaver,
Soul on Ice,
107.
63
. Foner,
Black Panthers,
2.
64
. Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
51, 306.
65
. Van Deburg,
Black Camelot,
194.
66
. Edwards,
Sociology of Sport,
145â46, 147.
67
. Van Deburg,
Black Camelot,
194.
68
. Farber, “Silent Majority,” 309.
69
. “The Troubled America: A Special Report on the White Majority,”
Newsweek,
October 6, 1969, 20.
70
. Sugrue, “Crabgrass-Roots Politics,” 560â64.
71
. Lewis,
Massive Resistance,
24â25.
72
. Ibid., 187.
73
. Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
5.
74
. McGirr,
Suburban Warriors
.
75
. Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
145.
76
. Schoenwald,
Time for Choosing,
258â59.
77
. Carter,
Politics of Rage,
306â7, 349.
78
. Brink and Harris,
Black and White,
115â16, 135â36.
79
. Rieder,
Canarsie,
138, 203â5.
80
. McGirr,
Suburban Warriors,
239.
81
. Klarman, “How Brown Changed Race Relations,” 84.
82
. Grundy,
Learning to Win,
266.
83
. R. Henderson, “Something More than the Game,” 219.
84
. Cobb,
Brown Decision,
55.
85
. Lewis,
Massive Resistance,
24.
86
. Interview with Vince Dooley, March 20, 2006.
87
. Grundy,
Learning to Win,
265.
88
. Ibid., 269.
89
. Interview with Horace King, March 31, 2006.
90
. Grundy,
Learning to Win,
280.
91
. Interview with George Patton, March 24, 2006.
92
. Roby to Parker, November 5, 1968, copy in author's possession, courtesy of Paul Hoffman.
2. The Olympic Project for Human Rights
1
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
July 29, 1967, 15.
2
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.
3
. New York NAACP branch to Roy Wilkins, June 12, 1961, group 3, box A3, Sports, NAACP collection.
4
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.
5
. A. Hano, “The Black Rebel Who âWhitelists' The Olympics,”
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
6
. Van Deburg,
New Day in Babylon,
67.
7
. P. Joseph,
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour,
205.
8
. Hoffer,
Something in the Air,
18.
9
. Spivey, “Black Consciousness,” 239â40.
10
. Wilkins to Lippmann, April 15, 1964, group 3, box A3, Sports, NAACP collection.
11
. A. Hano, “The Black Rebel Who âWhitelists' The Olympics,”
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
12
.
New York Times,
July 24, 1967; Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
81.
13
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
52â56.
14
. “OCHR Information Booklet,” December 15, 1967, copy in author's possession.
15
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
53.
16
. “The Angry Black Athlete,”
Newsweek,
July 15, 1968.
17
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
84.
18
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 10, 1968.
19
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 68.
20
. Interview with Lee Evans, April 20, 2004.
21
.
New York Times,
November 26, 1967.
22
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
62.
23
. Ibid., 62â63.
24
.
New York Times,
November 26, 1967.
25
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.
26
. Cited in Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
66.
27
.
New York Times,
July 24, 1967.
28
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
69â73.
29
.
New York Times,
November 25, 1967.
30
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
November 28, 1967.
31
. Interview with Hal Connolly, January 13, 2004.
32
. Interview with Bob Seagren, June 7, 2004; interview with Al Oerter, November 16, 2004.
33
. Interview with Larry Young, May 31, 2004.
34
. Interview with George Young, September 8, 2004.
35
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
36
. Interview with Larry Young, May 31, 2004.
37
. Interview with Cleve Livingston, August 18, 2004.
38
. Interview with Dick Fosbury, February 5, 2004.
39
. Interview with Al Oerter, November 16, 2004.
40
. Interview with Phil Shinnick, July 23, 2004.
41
. Interview with Bruce Kidd, October 20, 2004.
42
. Interview with Hal Connolly, January 13, 2004.
43
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
145.
44
. J. Robinson, “Athletic Boycott Catches on in NY,”
Pittsburgh Courier,
February 17, 1967.
45
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
162.
46
.
New York Times,
February 14, 1968.
47
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
146â47.
48
.
New York Times,
January 30, 1968.
49
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 3, 1968.
50
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
148.
51
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 17, 1968.
52
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
66â68.
53
.
New York Times,
February 16, 1968.
54
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
66.
55
. Wilson to Brundage, March 13, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 333, Important Letters 1968 file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
56
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
164.
57
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004; Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
124.
58
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
59
.
New York Times,
February 16, 1968.
60
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 15, 1968.
61
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 26, 1968.
62
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
150â53;
Newsweek,
February 26, 1968.
63
.
New York Times,
February 18, 1968.
64
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
162.
65
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
122.
66
. Ibid., 123.
67
. Bass,
Not the Triumph,
156â57.
68
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 20, 1968.
69
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
68;
New York Times,
February 18, 1968;
Newsweek,
February 26, 1968.
70
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
69.
71
.
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
72
.
New York Times,
February 10, 1968.
73
.
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
74
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
75
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.
76
. Ibid.
77
. Moore, “Courageous Stand,” 66.
78
. Hoffer,
Something in the Air,
55.
79
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
80
. Matthews,
My Race Be Won,
168.
81
. Interview with Bob Seagren, June 7, 2004.
82
. Interview with George Young, September 8, 2004.
83
. Interview with Hal Connolly, January 13, 2004.
84
. Interview with Jane Swagerty, November 19, 2004.
85
.
Newsweek,
October 6, 1969.
86
. Interview with Bruce Bradley, November 22, 2004.
87
. Interview with Ralph Boston, July 27, 2004.
88
. Interview with Phil Shinnick, July 23, 2004.
89
. Interview with Harry Edwards, January 26, 2004.
90
.
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
91
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
128.
92
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 29, 1968.
93
.
New York Times,
February 29, 1968.
94
.
New York Times,
February 1, 1968.
95
.
New York Times,
March 8, 1968.
96
.
New York Times,
June 9, 1968.
97
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
128â29.
98
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
71â72.
99
.
New York Times,
July 23, 1968.
100
. Interview with Robert Lipsyte, June 8, 2005.
101
.
New York Times,
July 7, 1968.
102
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
March 26, 1968.
103
.
New York Times,
June 9, 1968.
104
. Roby to Humphrey, telegram, March 14, 1968, White House correspondence file, Lentz Papers.
105
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
233â37.
106
. Braun to Brundage, April 11, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 333, Important Letters 1968 file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
107
. Hartmann,
Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete,
78.
108
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
72.
109
. Brundage to Dabrowski, February 7, 1969, box 179, Smith-Carlos Dismissal file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
110
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
244.
111
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
93.
112
.
New York Times,
May 12, 1968.
113
. Statement by Brundage, April 24, 1968, reel 103, box 179, Brundage collection, IOC archives.
114
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
239.
115
. Edwards,
Revolt of the Black Athlete,
92.
116
. Ibid., 93â95.
117
. Guttmann,
Games Must Go On,
238.
118
. Brewster and Brewster, “Mexico 1968.”
119
.
Chicago Daily Defender,
February 26, 1968.
120
. Zolov, “Showcasing the Land of Tomorrow,” 163.
121
. Vazquez to Exeter, April 3, 1968, reel 103, box 179, Brundage collection, IOC archives.
122
. Westerhoff to Vazquez, May 3, 1968, reel 103, box 179, Brundage collection, IOC archives.
123
. Vazquez to Brundage, May 7, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 333, Important Letters 1968 file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
124
. Clark to Alexander, September 5, 1968, RS 26/20/37, box 333, Important Letters 1968 file, Brundage Papers, University of Illinois.
125
. Interview with Paul Hoffman, August 4, 2004.