Sex Cells: The Medical Market for Eggs and Sperm (36 page)

American Association of Tissue Banks

American Fertility Society

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)

American Society for the Study of Sterility

anonymity: egg donors and

sperm donors and.
See also
“identity-release” donors

Appadurai, Arjun

artificial insemination.
See also sperm donation entries

Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates
report (CDC)

Baby M case

Becker, Gary

Benitez v. North Coast Women’s Care Medical Group

Bernstein, Elizabeth

biological versus social parenthood.
See also
kinship

biology, role in social processes

blood donation

bodily commodification

blood, organs, surrogacy, and prostitution

gendered norms of maternal femininity and paternal masculinity

public sphere of market and private sphere of family

role of biology in social processes

sociological approach to

theories of

bodily commodification, theoretical framework: analytical framework (biological, cultural, structural, and economic factors shaping organization and experience of markets)

data and methods of study

Brown, Louise

Butler, Judith

California–Irvine, University of

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Cleveland Clinic

Collier, Jane

commercialization of body.
See
bodily commodification entries; markets for bodily goods

commodification of body.
See
bodily commodification entries; markets for bodily goods

commodities versus gifts

compensation.
See
egg donation, gendered framing of payment and payment amounts; sperm donation, gendered framing of payment and payment amounts

Conrad, Peter

Creative Beginnings (pseudonym): altruistic and financial motivations in donor profiles

data and methods of study

demographics of donors

donation program characteristics and data collection

fees charged by

framing of donations

information on pregnancies

matching donors and recipients

payment and

profile construction

recruitment/screening/selection

supply and demand issues

CryoCorp (pseudonym): payment and

data and methods of study

donation procedure

donation program characteristics and data collection

framing of donation

matching donors and recipients

recruitment/screening/selection

supply and demand issues

cultural norms of gender and parenthood.
See
norms

Delaney, Carol

“donor–conceived people.”
See
offspring

donor insemination.
See
artificial insemination;
sperm donation entries

Donor Sibling Registry

donors.
See
egg donors; sperm donors

education level, donor screening and

egg donation: framed as gift

organization of market and

supply and demand issues.
See also
egg donation, gendered framing; egg donation, physical process; egg donors; history of egg donation

egg donation, gendered framing of payment

consequences of gendered framing

motivations of donors and

occupations of donors and

payment amounts

sociological approach to market for bodily goods and

spending choices and

egg donation, physical process of

risks associated with

shots and surgery

side effects

egg donors: aborted cycles

abstinence

demographics of

freezing of eggs and

identity-release and

matching to recipients

number of eggs produced

offspring and biological versus social parenthood

offspring and understanding of genetic contribution

profile construction

recruitment/screening/selection

rejection rates

time commitment.
See also egg donation entries

egg recipients: donor profiles geared to

donors’ perceptions of

fees charged

screening and

embodied experience of donation.
See
egg donation, physical process of; sperm donation, physical process of

emotional labor

England, Paula

eugenics

experience of market for sex cells: gendered framing of payment

offspring and

physical process of donation

theoretical framework.
See also bodily commodification entries; egg donation entries; sperm donation entries

family.
See
kinship; norms; offspring

Farris Institute for Parenthood, Philadelphia

fees to donors.
See
egg donation, gendered framing of payment and payment amounts; sperm donation, gendered framing of payment and payment amounts

femininity.
See
norms

Fertility and Sterility

fertility industry revenues

fertility medications.
See
egg donation, physical process of;
in vitro
fertilization

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

framing: theories of.
See
egg donation: framed as gift; egg donation, gendered framing of payment; sperm donation: framed as job; sperm donation, gendered framing of payment

France

Franklin, Sarah

freezing eggs and sperm

Gametes Inc. (pseudonym): altruistic and financial motivations in donor profiles

anonymity and

data and methods of study

demographics of donors

donation procedure

donation program characteristics and data collection

framing of donation

identity-release and

payment at

profile construction

recruitment/screening/selection

supply and demand issues

gender, sex distinguished from

gendered framing.
See
framing

gendered norms.
See
norms

gendered organization al practices.
See
organization al practices.

Germany

gift, egg donation framed as.
See egg donation entries
; framing

gifts: to egg donors

versus commodities

Guttmacher, Alan

Hard, Addison

Hays, Sharon

Healy, Kieran

history of egg donation

history of sperm donation

Hochschild, Arlie

Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA)

“identity-release” donors

connections to offspring and

India

infertility

in donors’ marriages

Inhorn, Marcia

intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

in vitro
fertilization (IVF)

with egg donation

experiences of process

process of.
See also egg donation entries

Israel

job, sperm donation framed as.
See sperm donation entries
; framing

kinship

language, used by donors

maternity and paternity as concepts.
See also
biological versus social parenthood; offspring

Konrad, Monica

Kulick, Don

Laumann, Edward

lesbians and single women, as recipients

Logan, Trevon

Lopez, Steven

markets for bodily goods.
See bodily commodification entries
; experience of market for sex cells; organization of market for sex cells

Martin, Emily

Marx, Karl

masculinity.
See
norms

masturbation.
See
sperm donation, physical process of; Laumann, Edward

matching donors and recipients.
See also egg donation entries; sperm donation entries
; egg recipients; sperm recipients

maternal instinct

Mauss, Marcel

medicalization: of infertility

of pregnancy

of sperm donation