Rome: An Empire's Story (53 page)

12.
Alfred W. Crosby,
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900– 1900
, Studies in Environment and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

13.
Richard Reece, ‘Romanization: A Point of View’, in Tom Blagg and Martin Millett (eds.),
The Early Roman Empire in the West
(Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1990); Nico Roymans (ed.),
From the Sword to the Plough: Three Studies in the
Earliest Romanisation of Northern Gaul
, Amsterdam Archaeological Studies (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996).

14.
Peter Garnsey,
Food and Society in Classical Antiquity
, Key Themes in Ancient History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Nicholas Purcell, ‘The Way We Used to Eat: Diet, Community, and History at Rome’,
American Journal of Philology
, 124/3 (2003).

15.
Robert Thomas and Andrew Wilson, ‘Water Supply for Roman Farms in Latium and South Etruria’,
Papers of the British School at Rome
, 62 (1994).

16.
Andrew Wilson, ‘Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 92 (2002).

17.
David Mattingly and John Salmon (eds.),
Economies beyond Agriculture in the Classical World
, Leicester–Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society (London: Routledge, 2001).

CHAPTER 5

1.
Arthur M. Eckstein,
Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War and the Rise of Rome
, Hellenistic Culture and Society (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006).

2.
Claude Nicolet (ed.),
Rome et la conquête du monde méditerranéen: 264–27 avant J.C.
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1977).

3.
William Vernon Harris, ‘Roman Expansion in the West’, in A. E. Astin et al. (eds.),
Cambridge Ancient History
, viii:
Rome and the Mediterranean to 133
BC
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Stephen L. Dyson,
The Creation of the Roman Frontier
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).

4.
Nicholas Purcell, ‘The Creation of Provincial Landscape: The Roman Impact on Cisalpine Gaul’, in Tom Blagg and M. Millett (eds.),
The Early Roman Empire in the West
(Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1990).

5.
Saskia T. Roselaar,
Public Land in the Roman Republic: A Social and Economic History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396–89 BC
, Oxford Studies in Roman Society and Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

6.
John Rich, ‘Fear, Greed and Glory: The Causes of Roman War-Making in the Middle Republic’, in John Rich and Graham Shipley (eds.),
War and Society in the Roman World
(London: Routledge, 1993).

7.
Livy,
From the Foundation of the City
45.12.

8.
Nicholas Purcell, ‘On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth’, in Doreen Innes, Harry Hine, and Christopher Pelling (eds.),
Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).

9.
Beard,
The Roman Triumph
.

10.
Geoffrey Conrad and Arthur A. Demarest,
Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism
, New Directions in Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Peter R. Bedford, ‘The Neo-Assyrian Empire’, in Morris and Scheidel (eds.),
The Dynamics of Ancient Empires
.

11.
Harris,
War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 B.C.
; Karl-Joachim Hölkeskamp, ‘Conquest, Competition and Consensus: Roman Expansion in Italy and the Rise of the “Nobilitas”’,
Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
, 42/1 (1993).

12.
Derk Bodde, ‘The State and Empire of Ch’in’, in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds.),
The Cambridge History of China
, i:
The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221
B.C.–A.D.
220
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); R. D. S. Yates, ‘Cosmos, Central Authority and Communities in the Early Chinese Empire’, in Alcock et al. (eds.),
Empires
.

13.
Arthur M. Eckstein,
Senate and General: Individual Decision Making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264–194 B.C.
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987); John S. Richardson,
Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

14.
Filippo Coarelli, ‘Public Building in Rome between the Second Punic War and Sulla’,
Papers of the British School at Rome
, 45 (1977).

15.
Polybius,
Histories
6.17.

16.
John S. Richardson, ‘The Spanish Mines and the Development of Provincial Taxation in the Second Century
B.C.
’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 66 (1976).

17.
Livy,
From the Foundation of the City
38.51.

18.
Harriet I. Flower,
Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).

CHAPTER 6

1.
David Cannadine,
Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire
(London: Allen Lane, 2001).

2.
Orlando Patterson,
Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).

3.
Richard P. Saller,
Personal Patronage under the Early Empire
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (ed.),
Patronage in Ancient Society
(London: Routledge, 1989).

4.
Claude Eilers,
Roman Patrons of Greek Cities
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

5.
Ernst Badian,
Foreign Clientelae (264
–
70 BC)
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958).

6.
David Braund,
Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship
(London: Croom Helm, 1982).

7.
Sallust,
Jugurtha
8.

8.
The Achievements of the Deified Augustus
26.4.

9.
David Johnston,
Roman Law in Context
, ed. Paul Cartledge and Peter Garnsey, Key Themes in Ancient History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

10.
Plutarch,
Life of Cato the Elder
21.

11.
. Andrea Giardina and Aldo Schiavone (eds.),
Società romana e produzione schiavistica
(Rome: Laterza, 1981).

12.
Dominic Rathbone, ‘The Development of Agriculture in the Ager Cosanus during the Roman Republic: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 71 (1981).

13.
Nicholas Purcell, ‘The Roman Villa and the Landscape of Production’, in Cornell and Lomas (eds.),
Urban Society in Roman Italy
; Neville Morley,
Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy 200
B.C.–A.D.
200
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

14.
Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Elites and Trade in the Roman Town’, in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (eds.),
City and Country in the Ancient World
(London: Routledge, 1991).

15.
Susan M. Treggiari,
Roman Freedmen during the Late Republic
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).

16.
Keith Bradley,
Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: A Study in Social Control
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

17.
Apuleius,
The Golden Ass
9.12.

18.
Nicholas Purcell, ‘Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 75 (1985); Tchernia,
Le Vin d’Italie romaine
; Jean-Paul Morel, ‘The Transformation of Italy 300–133
BC
’, in Astin et al. (eds.),
Cambridge Ancient History
, viii; Jesper Carlsen and Elio Lo Cascio (eds.),
Agricoltura e scambi nell’Italia tardo-Repubblicana
, Pragmateiai (Bari: Edipuglia, 2009).

19.
Strabo,
Geography
14.5.4 and 10.5.2.

20.
Philip de Souza,
Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

21.
IG
IX
²
. 1.241.

22.
William Vernon Harris, ‘Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 89 (1999).

23.
P. A. Brunt,
Italian Manpower 225
B.C.–A.D.
14
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); Keith Hopkins,
Conquerors and Slaves: Sociological Studies in Roman History I
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Nathan Stewart Rosenstein,
Rome at War: Farms, Families and Death in the Middle Republic
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Keith Bradley, ‘Slavery in the Roman Republic’, in Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (eds.),
Cambridge World History of Slavery
, i:
The Ancient Mediterranean World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

CHAPTER 7

1.
Erich Gruen,
The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome
, 2 vols. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984).

2.
Ferrary,
Philhellénisme et impérialisme
.

3.
Elizabeth M. Brumfiel and John W. Fox (eds.),
Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World
, New Directions in Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

4.
David Braund, ‘Royal Wills and Rome’,
Papers of the British School at Rome
, 51 (1983).

5.
Sallust,
Jugurtha
35.

6.
Mark Elvin,
The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic Explanation
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973).

7.
Crosby,
Ecological Imperialism
.

8.
Brent D Shaw, ‘ “Eaters of flesh, drinkers of milk”: The Ancient Mediterranean Ideology of the Pastoral Nomad’,
Ancient Society
, 13 (1982); Christopher B. Krebs, ‘Borealism: Caesar, Seneca, Tacitus and the Roman Discourse about the Germanic North’, in Erich Gruen (ed.),
Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean
, Issues and Debates (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2011).

9.
David Abulafia, ‘Mediterraneans’, in William Vernon Harris (ed.),
Rethinking the Mediterranean
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

10.
Cunliffe,
Europe Between the Oceans
.

11.
Owen Lattimore,
Inner Asian Frontier of China
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940).

12.
John R. Collis,
The European Iron Age
(London: Batsford, 1984); Barry Cunliffe,
Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction
(London: Batsford, 1988).

13.
Andrew Lintott, ‘Imperial Expansion and Moral Decline in the Roman Republic’,
Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
, 21 (1972); Barbara Levick, ‘Morals, Politics and the Fall of the Roman Republic’,
Greece & Rome
, 29 (1982).

14.
Mark Hassall, Michael H. Crawford, and Joyce Reynolds, ‘Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century
BC
’, Journal of Roman Studies, 64 (1974).

15.
Fergus Millar, ‘The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151
B.C
.’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 74 (1984); Fergus Millar, ‘Politics, Persuasion and the People before the Social War (150–90
B.C
.)’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 76 (1986).

16.
A. N. Sherwin-White, ‘The Lex Repetundarum and the Political Ideas of Gaius Gracchus’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 72 (1982); Andrew Erskine,
The Hellenistic Stoa: Political Thought and Action
(London: Duckworth, 1990).

17.
P. A. Brunt, ‘Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 55 (1965); Gabba,
Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies
; Henrik Mouritsen,
Italian Unification: A Study in Ancient and Modern Historiography
, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplements (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1998).