Red Star over China (89 page)

Whampoa Military Academy,
53
,
74
,
76
,
115
,
159
,
209
,
259
,
298
,
336
,
384

White Army,
see
Kuomintang

Wittfogel, Dr. Karl August,
101

Words of Warning (Sheng Shih
Wei-yen),
133
–34

Woodhead, H. G. W.,
363

Work-Study program (“work-and-learn”),
73
,
151

Wu Ch'i Chen,
246
,
249
,
250
–53,
365

Wu Chung-hao,
173

Wu Han,
BN
507
–8

Wu Hsiu-ch'uan,
349
;

BN
508

Wu Liang Mountain,
206

Wu Liang-p'ing,
106
–7,
113
,
130
,
201
–2,
257
,
431
;

BN
508

Wu Meng Mountain,
206

Wu Tze-hui,
336

Yang Ch'ang-chi,
146
,
148
n
,
151
,
152

Yang Ch'eng-wu,
169
n;

BN
508
–9

Yang Chien,
177
n

Yang Hsi-ming,
159

Yang Hu-ch'eng General,
42
–45,
211
–12,
378
–79,
381
,
382
,
386
,
390
,
395
,
438
;

BN
509

Yang K'ai-hui (Mme. Mao Tse-tung),
91
,
152
,
155
,
175
,
425
;

BN
509

Yang Li-san,
166

Yang Ming-chai,
156

Yang Shang-k'un,
258
,
368
,
426
,
427
;

BN
509
–10

Yang Ti, Emperor,
306

Yangtze River,
76
n
,
108
,
191
,
192
,
194
–95,
196
,
202
,
206
,
209
,
218
,
297
,
298
,
335
,
336
,
411
,
414
,
417

Yao (a guide),
66
–67

Yao, Emperor,
138

Yao I-lin,
419
;

BN
510

Yeh Chien-ying,
70
n
,
122
,
382
,
425
,
429
,
430
,
438
;

BN
510
–11

Yeh Li-yun,
148

Yeh Ting, General,
115
,
164
,
413
,
417
;

BN
511

Yellow River,
41
,
66
,
71
,
115
,
138
n
,
210
,
213
,
310
,
315
,
319
,
328
,
344
,
414

Yellow Sea,
414

Yen Ch'ang,
248
,
288

Yen Hsi-shan,
325
,
344

Yen Hsiu,
74
,
152

Yenan (Fushih),
13
,
16
,
50
–51,
56
–57,
59
,
89
n
,
242
,
383
,
397
,
414
,
417
,
418
n

Yenching University,
11
,
263
n
,
415
,
420

Yi Pei-ch'i,
146
,
422

Yih Chang,
338

Yo
Fei Chronicles (Yo Fei Chuan)
,
133

Young Men's Christian Association (Y.M.C.A.),
285
,
355

Young Vanguards (Shao-nien Hsien-feng Tui),
67
,
69
–70,
82
–85,
123
,
221,
235
,
244
,
258
,
265
–66,
285
,
322
–27,
330
,
346
,
415
,
435
,
446

Yu Hsueh-chung, General,
382

Yu Sha-t'ou,
166

Yu Wang,
294
–95

Yu Wang Pao,
257
,
263
,
264
–65,
272
,
281
,
284
,
315
–16,
320
–21,
322
,
328
–29

Yu Yu-jen,
139

Yuan (a teacher),
145
–46

Yuan Shih-k'ai,
142
,
144
,
333
,
376

Yuan Tso-ming,
79

Yuan Wen-t'sai,
167
,
338

Yugoslavia,
449

Yulin,
209
,
211

Yun Tai-ying,
148

Yung Ch'ang,
212

Yung P'ing,
248

Yungting,
170

Yunnan province,
78
,
82
,
159
,
180
,
191
,
192
,
195
,
197
,
201
,
306
,
333
–34,
336
,
405

Yunnanfu,
80
,
192
,
334

Yunnan Military Academy,
333

Yutu,
188

Yuwang,
319

Zinoviev, Grigory E.,
358
,
423
,
427

E
DGAR
S
NOW
, a native of Missouri, went to the Far East when he was twenty-two. He made his home in China for twelve years, studied the country and the language, and lectured at Yenching University in Peking, where his friends included students who are among China's leaders today. As a foreign correspondent in China, Burma, India, and Indochina he worked successively for the
Chicago Tribune, New York Sun, New York Herald Tribune,
and
London Daily Herald.
Then, as associate editor of the
Saturday Evening Post,
he reported wartime and postwar events in Asia and Europe, and became its widely quoted specialist on China, India, and the U.S.S.R. He is the author of eleven books, including
The Battle for Asia, People on Our Side, Journey to the Beginning, Red China Today: The Other Side of the River,
and
The Long Revolution.
He died in 1972.

^*
The Kuomintang, or “National People's Party,” founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and others, held the hegemony of power in the so-called Great Revolution, 1923–27. The Kungch'antang, “Share Production Party,” or the Communist Party of China, founded in 1921, was the chief ally of the Kuomintang, 1923–27.

^*
See
Part Four
and Biographical Notes hereafter BN.

^†
The Chinese
yuan,
then called a “dollar by foreigners, was worth about U.S. $.35.

^‡
See BN.

^*
The December 9, 1935, student demonstration was a historic “turning point” favorable to the Communists. Among its leaders were Huang Ching and Huang Hua.

^*
See BN.

^*
See BN.

^†
I was introduced to General Yang by Wang Ping-nan (see BN), who with his wife, Anna, was then living in Yang's home. Wang was Yang's political secretary and was chief liaison in Sian between the CCP CC and General Yang and Marshal Chang.

^*
See BN.

^*
The Ch'ing Pang, a gangster secret society, controlled the profitable traffic in opium, gambling, prostitution, kidnaping, etc., under the protection of the International Settlement and French Concession authorities. In 1927 it helped Chiang Kai-shek destroy Communist-led unions and carry out the “Shanghai Massacre.” See
Part Two
,
Chapter 2
.

^*
See BN.

^*
The illustrious Han Dynasty governed the “Central Kingdom” for a period (202
B.C
.-220
A.D
.) that overlapped with the life span of the Roman Empire, with which it had some trade and cultural exchanges.

^†
See BN.

^*
During 3000–551
B.C.

^*
A
k'ang
is a raised earthen platform built in Chinese houses, with a fireplace at one end. The flue is arranged in a maze beneath, so that it heats the clay platform, if desired.

^*
Lao-pai-hsing,
literally “old hundred names,” is the colloquial Chinese expression for the country people.

^†
One Chinese li is about a third of a mile.

^*
Yenan was later occupied by the Red Army and became the provisional Red capital. See
Part Twelve
.

^*
Literally
The Water Margin,
a celebrated Chinese romance of the sixteenth century. Pearl Buck has translated it under the title AH
Men Are Brothers.

^*
See BN.

^*
Yeh Chien-ying was Chou's chief of staff. See BN.

^*
Thus he read most of the exciting books that also affected Mao Tse-tung as a boy. See
Part Four
,
Chapters 1
and
2
.

^*
Inspired by nation-wide resistance to Japan's “Twenty-one Demands” and to the Versailles Treaty award, to Japan, of Germany's colony in Tsingtao, China.

^†
See BN.

^‡
The CYL was an outgrowth of the Socialist Youth Corps.

^§
Chu Teh was one of Chou's recruits to communism.

^*
See BN.

^*
Wuhan is the collective name for the triple cities—Hanyang, Hankow, Wuchang—at the confluence of the Han and Yangtze rivers.

^*
“Broken” or “useless.”

^*
See BN.

^†
The Elder Brother Society, an ancient secret organization which fought the Manchus and was useful to Sun Yat-sen. In structure it strikingly resembled the cell system adopted by the Chinese Communist Party underground.

^*
Part of the Nationalist-Communist Northern Expedition (1926-27) against the provincial warlords and the Peking Government.

^*
Related to me by Dr. Joseph F. Rock, who talked to Bosshard when he arrived in Yunnanfu.

^*
One Chinese
mou
is about a sixth of an acre.

^*
Really indentured labor; in those parts it amounted to slavery. Chinese used the word
ya-t'ou,
which literally means “yoke-head.”

^*
See BN.

^*
In December, 1936, the Reds occupied Yenan (Fushih), north Shensi, and the capital was transferred there. See
Part Twelve
.

^*
See
Part Four
.

^*
See BN.

^†
See Mao Tse-tung
et al, Fundamental Laws of the Chinese Soviet Republic
(London, Martin Lawrence, 1934). It contains the provisional constitution of the soviets, and a statement of basic objectives during the “bourgeois-democratic” phase of the revolution. See also Mao Tse-tung,
Red China: President Mao Tse-tung Reports on the Progress of the Chinese Soviet Republic
(London, Martin Lawrence,

^*
See
Part Four
,
Chapter 6
, text and note 3.

^†
See Mao Tse-tung, BN.

^*
See BN.

^*
See
Part Four
,
Chapter 4
.

^*
Coastal and inland ports opened to foreign commerce by treaties imposed on China during the Opium Wars and later.

^†
Except for a splinter left-wing element which came to be personified by Mme. Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ch'ing-ling). See BN.

^*
Launched by Chiang in an attempt to revivify certain rules of personal behavior based on Confucian teachings.

^†
Balls of mud and straw eaten to appease hunger, and often resulting in death.

^*
See Bibliography for a few introductory works on land tenure in China.

^†
Mao was also deputy chief of the Kuomintang propaganda department and deputy director of its Peasant Movement Training Institute, where he lectured to many cadres who later joined him in the formation of the Red Army.

^*
From a statement issued by the “United Anti-Japanese Council” at the time of the Sian Incident. See
Part Twelve
,
Chapter 2
.

^†
But Mao Tse-tung had no intention, of course, as he would soon make clear to me, of surrendering either Communist-held territory or the political independence of his party to the Generalissimo.

^*
Far more civilians and “partisans” were killed than regular Red soldiers. Mr. Chang's estimate included costs of lost labor, lost crops, ruined villages and towns, ruined farmlands, etc., as well as actual military expenses.

^*
See BN.