Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science (30 page)

   Princeton seminar presentation by, 39–40

   prizes offered by (Feynman prizes), 272–73

   problem-solving by, 5, 6–8, 18, 30–32, 37, 191–92, 195–96, 209–10, 214–17, 278–80, 293, 309–10, 315–18

   psychiatric evaluation of, 110

   Putnam score of, 21–22

   radios repaired by, 4

   “red books” of, xii–xiii, 226–28, 245

   religion as viewed by, 22–23, 161, 229

   reputation of, xv, 77–78, 87–88, 92–93, 108–10, 145–48, 152, 155–56, 216–18, 223–32

   in Rio de Janeiro, 164–65

   at Rochester Conference (1956), 206–7, 209, 211, 213

   at Rochester Conference (1958), 220–21

   sabbatical year of, 165

   samba studied by, 166

   Schwinger compared with, 141–42, 158–59

   scientific contributions of, xv–xvii

   second marriage of, 168

   sense of humor of, 4, 8, 32, 37

   Spanish studied by, 164

   strip joints visited by, 234, 298

   as teacher, 7–8, 95, 143, 164–66, 195, 202–3, 218–19, 223–29, 244, 315–20

   television presentations of, 228–29, 230

   text miniaturization proposed by, 264–67, 272–73

   as theoretical physicist, 68–69, 73–75, 85–86, 141–42, 168–69, 193–94, 196–97, 234–38, 263–64, 286, 287–305, 311–13

   third marriage of, 221–22, 224, 229, 238, 245

   unconventionality of, 4, 81, 108–10, 163–68, 230–31, 234–35, 298, 319–20

   at University of Chicago, 77–78

   in Warsaw, 238, 245

   wedding of, 77

   Wheeler’s relationship with, 22, 33–35, 36, 37–40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 59, 68–69, 74, 77, 81, 82, 113, 122, 131, 140

   writings of, xi–xiii, xvi, 7, 20, 45, 65, 95, 97–99, 115, 135, 140, 144–46, 147, 149, 157–58, 178, 189, 191–92, 210, 214–17, 218, 226–28, 229, 244, 245, 261, 263–72, 278, 279–80, 281, 288, 309

Feynman Lectures on Gravitation, The
(Feynman), 244

Feynman Lectures on Physics
(Feynman), xii–xiii, 226–28, 245

Feynman prizes, 272–73

“Feynman rules,” 153, 304

Feynman space-time diagrams, 107, 129–40,
132,
133,
134,
135,
137,
144–46, 148–54, 169, 173, 193, 252–53

“Feynman test,” 309–13

Field, Rick, 307

field theory, 238–39, 247, 252–53, 261–62, 287–88, 311–13

finite correlations, 72

finite theory, 310–12

Finnegans Wake
(Joyce), 291

fission, nuclear, 68, 77, 84

flat space, 258–60

fractionally charged particles, 292

free particles, 176–78

French, Anthony, 128

frequency shifts, 119–23, 124, 126

friction, 171

Friedmann, Alexander, 239, 240

galaxies, 258–59, 260

garotas
(Brazilian girls), 165

Garwin, Richard, 201, 208–9

gases, xii, 170–76

gasoline, 269

Gates, Bill, 229

gauge bosons, 303–5

gauge symmetry, 301–5

Gell-Mann, Murray, 195–208, 212, 214–17, 218, 219, 220, 236, 243–44, 256–57, 287–305, 312

general relativity, theory of, 6, 18, 40, 238–41, 243, 246–47, 249, 259

genetics, 222, 267–68

Genius
(Gleick), xv

genome, 268

geometry, 9, 244–45, 255–56, 258–59

germanium, 275

ghost bosons, 304

Glashow, Sheldon, 202, 303, 304–5, 310

Glashow-Weinberg theory, 304–5, 310

Gleick, James, xv

God, 161

Goodstein, David, 317

grand unification, 312–13

gravitational contraction, 83, 238–62, 288–89, 303–4

gravitational waves (gravitons), 247–49, 250, 257–61

gravity, 83, 203–4, 225, 238–62, 273, 288–89, 303–4, 309–13

Greenbaum, Arline, 8, 43–47, 66, 67, 74, 77, 79–80, 88–89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 109, 221

Gross, David, 306–7, 312, 319

Groueff, Stephane, 85

ground state configuration, 183–84, 185, 186, 189

group theory, 288–90, 292–94, 302–3

Guth, Alan, 258

hadrons, 294–96, 297, 305

Haldane, J. B. S., 51

Harvard University, xiv, 21–22, 94–95, 96, 142, 202, 229

Hawking, Stephen, 249–50, 256

Hawking Radiation, 249–50

heat, 174, 183, 248, 250–51, 275

Heisenberg, Werner, 26–30, 65, 105–6, 111, 112, 115–16, 133, 182

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 26–30, 133, 182

helium, 101, 170–76, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 189–90, 288, 294–95

Helmholtz, Heinrich, 83

Hibbs, Albert, 231

hidden-variable theories, 280–81

“higher order” effect, 30

Hillis, Danny, 276–77, 308, 316

Hiroshima bombing (1945), 46–47

Hopfield, John, 277

Howarth, Gweneth, 221–22, 224, 229, 238, 245

Hubble, Edwin, 240

Hughes Aircraft, 273

Huygens, Christiaan, 11

hydrogen, 19, 81, 84–85, 119–23, 126, 174, 194, 201–2

hydrogen bomb, 84–85, 194, 201

IBM, 87, 281

inclusive processes, 295–96

infinity, 118, 121–22, 124–29, 131, 139–40, 150–51, 154, 158–59, 197, 231, 240–41, 242, 245–46, 251, 283–84, 302, 310–12

information technology, 273–86

Institute for Advanced Study, 93, 96, 149, 152

integers, 100, 175, 178–79, 291

integral values, 5, 7, 69, 73–74, 102, 110, 127–28, 185, 186

“integrate out,” 73–74, 110, 127–28, 310

intentionality, 12–13

interference patterns, 25–26, 54–55

intermediate universes, 256

Internet, 277–78

ionization, 91

Iran, 68

irreversibility, 40–41

irrotational states, 186–87, 289

isotopes, 66, 68, 86, 90

isotropic space, 240

Japan, 148–49

Jefferson, Thomas, 78

Jehle, Herbert, 59, 60, 63

Jews, 3, 22–23, 36–37, 45

Jornada del Muerto, 90

Joyce, James, 291

Kaiser, David, 152

Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 83

Kennedy, John F., 78

keys, security, 284–85

kinetic energy, 15–16, 49–50, 177, 258–59

Klein-Gordon equation, 19

kluges, 198, 210, 215–16, 301, 310

K-mesons (Kaons), 205–6, 207, 210

Kosterlitz, John, 192

Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, 191–92

Kramers, H. A., 124–25, 138–39, 143

Krauss, Lawrence M., xi–xvii, 228–29, 266, 308–9, 319

K-zero particles, 201–2

Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 16

Lagrange points, 16

Lagrange’s principle, 14–17, 49

Lagrangian formalism, 59–65, 97, 117–18, 157

“Lagrangian in Quantum Mechanics, The” (Dirac), 59–60

Lamb, Willis, 119–23, 124

Lamb shift, 119–23, 124, 125, 128, 129, 139, 140, 148

Landau, Lev, 181–82, 184, 187–88, 190

lasers, 270

least action principle, 14–17, 49–50, 56–57, 62, 69, 73–75, 97–98, 126–27

least time principle, 11–14, 18, 57–58

Lederman, Leon, 208–9, 222–23

Lee, Tsung-Dao, 207–9, 211, 212

Leighton, Robert, 226, 228

Lemaître, Georges, 239–40

light:

   bending of, 9–13,
10,
12

   color spectrum of, 119–23

   emission of, 27–28

   interference patterns of, 25–26, 54–55, 71, 174, 175

   massless nature of, 269

   as particles vs. waves, 10–12, 24, 52–56

   rays of, 9–13,
10,
12,
56,
56

   speed of, 14, 133, 258, 275–76

light years, 258

liquid helium, 101, 170–76, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 189–90, 288, 294–95

lithium, 101

London, Fritz, 175

Los Alamos laboratory, 20, 46–47, 67–68, 72, 74, 76–95, 108, 122, 163–64, 194, 273–74, 283

Los Alamos Theoretical Division, 85–86

Low, Francis, 197–98, 300, 301, 305, 312

lowest-order approximations, 245–46

machines, quantum, 265–66, 270–86

McLellan, William, 272–73

macroscopic processes, 40–41, 71, 171–79, 180, 181–82

magnetic fields, 29, 48–50, 52–53, 128, 190–91, 197–98, 203–4, 245–46

magnetic moment of electrons, 128–29, 143–44

Maimonides, Moses, 225

Manhattan Project, 20, 46–47, 67–68, 72, 74, 76–95, 108, 122, 163–64, 194, 273–74, 283

Marchant calculators, 87, 274–75

Marshak, Robert, 212–14, 216

mass, 102, 103–6, 113, 125, 126, 151, 177, 238–41, 246–47, 249, 250–51, 257–60, 269, 299, 301, 304, 306–7, 309–13

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), xiv, 5–6, 17, 18–21, 43, 49, 78, 84, 95, 124, 142, 168, 185, 196, 230, 273, 276

materials science, 67, 172–79, 181–82, 190–91, 271

Mathematica, 278

matter, xii, 27, 29–30, 41, 102, 103–6, 113, 125, 126, 151, 172–79, 181–82, 190–91, 238–39, 241, 250–51, 257–60, 306–7, 309–13

Maxwell, James Clerk, 28, 52–53, 247

Mead, Carver, 277

measurement theory, 70–73

mercury, 170–71

mesons, 154–55, 169, 178, 193, 200, 205–6, 207, 210

Messenger Lectures, 229

microscopes, 269–70

microscopic processes, 40, 71, 170–79, 180, 181–82, 269–70

microsomes, 267

microwaves, 240, 248

Mills, Robert, 301–4, 305, 306, 307, 309

miniaturization, 265–66, 270–73, 278

Minsky, Marvin, 273, 276

Miramar Palace Hotel, 167

MIT Radiation Laboratory, 78, 142

molecules, xii, 20, 267–70

momentum, 100–102, 121, 200

Moore, Gordon, 267

Morrison, Philip, 228

Morse, Philip, 19–20, 22

motion, laws of, 14–17, 49, 52

motors, 272–73

multiplets, 289

muons, 213

nanotechnology, 265–66, 270–73, 278

National Academy of Sciences, 122, 144–46, 230

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), xv, 16

Nature,
240

Nazi Germany, 90

NBC, 229, 230

Ne’eman, Yuval, 290

negative energy, 102–7, 114, 126, 127, 131, 157

negative numbers, 97, 103

neutrinos, 154–56, 194, 210–11, 213, 214–16, 219–20, 222–23, 298–99

neutrons, 86, 100, 154–56, 194, 201, 210, 213, 302

New Age religions, 234

Newton, Isaac, 10, 16, 40, 49, 52, 238, 239

New York Times,
292–93

New York Times Magazine,
287

Nobel Committee, 170–71, 230–31

Nobel Prize, xii, xiv, 19, 31–32, 39, 41, 74, 84, 94, 106, 124, 125, 143, 156, 159, 170–71, 186, 190, 202, 209, 218, 219–20, 222–23, 229–32, 235, 241, 265, 268, 270, 271–72, 293, 300, 305, 307, 310

nodes, 54

Noether, Emmy, 199–200

Noether’s theorem, 199–200, 204

nonzero energy, 174

nonzero probabilities, 52, 55, 72

nonzero spin, 120

North Pole, 203–4

nuclear democracy, 291–92, 305–6

nuclear physics, 20, 46–47, 67–68, 72, 74, 76–95, 108, 122, 163–64, 178, 194, 239, 273–74, 283

nuclei, atomic, 84, 107, 294

nucleons, 178–79

numbers:

   atomic, 66

   complex, 116

   as integers, 100, 175, 178–79, 291

   negative, 97, 103

   prime, 284, 285–86

   quantum, 200–201

number theory, 9

Oak Ridge Laboratory, 90

Occhialini, Giuseppe, 106–7

Oersted, Hans Christian, 28

Olum, Paul, 68

omega-minus particle, 290, 292, 293

Onnes, Kamerlingh, 170–72, 174, 263

Onsager, Lars, 186, 190–92

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 78–80, 90–91, 92, 105–6, 122, 148, 149, 154, 155, 156, 241

orbital gravitation, 203–4

O-ring failure, xv, 309

Osheroff, Douglas, 227

parallel processors, 276–77, 283

parity flips, 212

parity nonconservation, 204–5, 206, 207–8, 210–17

particle accelerators, 154, 169, 200, 292–300, 305, 312

particles, subatomic, 4–5, 28–35, 38, 39–42, 113–14, 120–21, 133–40, 166, 173–79, 193–94, 197–98, 200–202, 205–6, 208–11, 220, 263–64, 287–309, 315–16

   decay of, 104–5, 193–94, 200–201, 205–6, 207, 208, 210, 211–15

   paths of, 14–17, 48–50, 52–58, 65, 69–70, 73–74, 97, 99, 100–104, 107, 117–18, 126–28, 145–46, 153, 154, 176, 178–79, 185, 193–94, 210–12, 256–57, 309–10

   strange, 196, 200–201, 202, 205–6, 273, 291–92, 305

   
see also
specific particles

partons, 295–96, 298, 299–300

Pasteur, Louis, 296

path-integral formalism, xiii, 73, 210–12, 255–57, 283–84, 309–10

pattern recognition, 277–78

Pauli, Wolfgang, 39–40, 100–101, 105–6, 110–11, 139–40, 209

Pauli exclusion principle, 100–101, 105–6

phase transitions, 116–17, 190–92

phenomenological model, 180–82

philosophy, 71, 276

photons, 28–32, 114, 130–31, 134,
137,
201–2, 246–47, 249, 260, 301–2, 303

Physical Review,
20, 98, 152–53, 200–201, 290, 292

physical signatures, 240

physics:

   astro-, 20, 82–85, 106–7, 239, 240, 255–61

   classical, 24, 27–28, 30–31, 37–38, 47, 48, 52–53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 71, 72–73, 100, 131, 142, 173, 224–25, 238, 239, 243, 245–46, 265, 278–81, 282

   of dense materials, 172–79, 181–82, 183, 190–91

   experimental, 19–20, 25–26, 30, 35, 38, 41, 66, 67–68, 81, 85–86, 168–69, 171–72, 193–96, 208, 209, 235–38, 245, 283, 293–300, 312–13

   formalism in, 49–50, 59–65, 73, 97, 99, 117–18, 126–28, 130–46, 150–54, 158, 176, 178–79, 185, 196, 210–12, 214–16, 219, 256–57, 299–300, 309–10

   kluges used in, 198, 210, 215–16, 301, 310

   laws of, 13–14, 30–32, 192, 193, 199–200, 209–10, 223–24, 241–42, 252, 255–57, 269–72, 278–81, 282, 293, 310–13

   nuclear, 20, 46–47, 67–68, 72, 74, 76–95, 108, 122, 163–64, 178, 194, 239, 273–74, 283

   paradox and inconsistency in, 23, 30–32, 34–35, 36, 70, 71–73, 75, 88

   particle,
see
particles, subatomic