One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (56 page)

27
. Eyman,
Empire of Dreams,
372–375, 399; Fifield, Memorandum, Box 15, JHP.

28
.
BG,
3 August 1952;
CSM,
14 August 1952;
LAT
, 12 February 1956;
WP
, 24 October 1956.

29
.
NYT
, 31 July 1955.

30
. Eyman,
Empire of Dreams,
440; Henry S. Noerdlinger,
Moses and Egypt: The Documentation to the Motion Picture, The Ten Commandments
(Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press, 1956).

31
. Trailer and souvenir program,
The Ten Commandments,
directed by Cecil B. DeMille, 1956, in special edition DVD (Los Angeles: Paramount Studios, 2011); Eyman,
Empire of Dreams,
473.

32
.
LAT,
12 February, 30 December 1956;
Chicago Defender,
11 November 1957;
NYT
, 10 November 1957;
Irish Times,
10 July 2009.

33
. E. J. Ruegemer to DeMille, 20 June 1955, Box 990, CBD; Manny Meyers, “Spreading the Commandments,”
Eagle,
July 1954, 18–19, copy courtesy of FOE.

34
. Cecil B. DeMille, “I Bare You on Eagles' Wings,”
Eagle,
January 1955, FOE; Ruegemer to DeMille, 20 June 1955, Box 990, CBD.

35
. Transcript, “Milwaukee Morning Exercises,”
n.d.
[1955], Box 993, CBD; Yul Brynner, “Ten Commandment Monolith Unveiled,”
Eagle,
April 1957, FOE.

36
.
LAT
, 12 August 1956; DeMille to Ruegemer, 18 April 1956, Box 490, CBD; press release, Paramount Pictures News, 8 June 1956, Box 469, CBD; Manuel Meyers, “Monolith in the Peace Garden,”
Eagle,
November 1956, FOE; news release, International Peace Garden Committee, 3 June 1956, Box 490, CBD; news release, Paramount Studios, n.d. [June 1956], Box 490, CBD; Ruegemer to DeMille, 21 June 1956, Box 469, CBD; Manuel Meyers, “Modern Moses,”
Eagle,
February 1957, FOE.

37
. Albert G. Minda to Ruegemer, 31 July 1957, Box 490, CBD; Edwin A. Bennett to Frank X. Kryzan, 21 June 1957, Box 801, ACLU;
Minneapolis Star-Tribune,
30 August 2003.

38
.
Time,
9 February 1962; transcript,
CBS Reports: Thunder on the Right,
22 February 1962, Box 177, FF; Frederick Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe: One
Man's Victory over Communism, Leviathan, and the Last Enemy
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 1996), 297–300, 319–322, 326–330, 467–468.

39
. Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
104–105.

40
. Keith Wheeler, “Who's Who in the Tumult of the Far Right,”
Life,
9 February 1962, 117; Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
154–155, 204; Charles Raper Jonas to Frank B. Fuhr, 26 May 1956, Box 407, RFF.

41
. Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
156–157; US Congress, House, Committee on Un-American Activities, 85th Cong., 1st Sess.,
International Communism (The Communist Mind), Staff Consultation with Frederick Charles Schwarz
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1957).

42
. Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
157;
CT
, 30 December 1957;
WSJ,
29 January 1958;
CSM,
5 February 1958; Barry Goldwater, “Understanding Communism,”
LAT
, 8 March 1961; Marty,
Under God, Indivisible,
371.

43
. Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
162–167; program, School of Anti-Communism, Los Angeles, 11–15 December 1961, Box 43, CUAEL; program, Puget Sound School of Anti-Communism, 12–16 February 1962, Box 22, SBC-CLC; program, Greater New York School of Anti-Communism, 27–31 August 1962, Box 22, SBC-CLC;
CACC Newsletter,
October 1960;
CT,
13 September 1960.

44
.
LAT
, 8, 12 November 1960; registration form, Los Angeles Anti-Communism School, n.d. [1960], Section 1, FBI-CACC. The “small doses” quotation attributed to Khrushchev was widely disseminated in conservative circles, but no proof of its authenticity was ever established. In 1962, Representative Morris Udall (D-Ariz.) sought to determine its provenance, enlisting a range of authorities on the Soviet Union working at the Library of Congress, the Legislative Reference Service, the State Department, and the US Information Agency. None of them could find evidence that Khrushchev had ever said it. See Morris K. Udall, “Khrushchev Could Have Said It,”
New Republic,
7 May 1962, 14–15.

45
. Program, Greater Los Angeles School of Anti-Communism, 7–11 November 1960, Section 1, FBI-CACC;
LAT
, 12 November 1960, 9 March 1961.

46
.
WP,
30 August 1970; Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
192–193, 208–211, 214;
NYT
, 9 November 1998; memorandum, “SAC, Los Angeles, to Director, FBI,” 29 August 1961, Section 1, FBI-CACC.

47
.
Los Angeles Examiner,
18 August 1961;
LAT
, 28 August 1961; program, Greater Los Angeles School of Anti-Communism, 7–11 November 1960, Section 1, FBI-CACC;
NYT
, 26 July 1960.

48
. Program, Southern California School of Anti-Communism, 28 August–1 September 1961, Section 1, FBI-CACC;
LAT
, 23, 27, 31 August 1961;
Los Angeles Herald-Express,
30 August, 7 September 1961;
Los Angeles Mirror,
31 August 1961; Samuel Lawrence Brenner, “Shouting at the Rain: The Voices and Ideas of Right-Wing Anti-Communist Americanists in the Era of Modern American Conservatism, 1950–1974,” Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University, 2009, 11, 236; Dochuk,
From Bible Belt to Sun Belt,
223–224.

49
.
Los Angeles Herald-Express,
7 September 1961;
Los Angeles Examiner,
4 September 1961;
LAT
, 29 September, 13 October 1961;
NYT
, 3 September 1961.

50
.
NYT
, 16 October 1961;
LAT
, 17 October 1961; press release, KING News, 9 October 1961, Box 36, DSB; press release, KGW-TV Promotion Department, 10 October 1961, Box 36, DSB; telegram, Fred M. Jordan to Otto P. Brandt, 6 October 1961, Box 36, DSB.

51
.
CSM,
19 October 1961;
LAT
, 17 October 1961;
Los Angeles Herald-Express,
17 October 1961;
Los Angeles Examiner,
17 October 1961;
Los Angeles Mirror,
17 October 1961; Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
226–229.

52
. Robert Welch to Fred Schwarz, 6 September 1960, Box 94, CDJ.

53
.
Los Angeles Herald-Express,
7 September 1961; memorandum, SAC, Los Angeles, to director, FBI, “Re: California School of Anti-Communism (CSAC),” 18 October 1961, Section 1, FBI-CACC; [name redacted] to William G. Simon, 8 September 1961, Section 1, FBI-CACC.

54
.
LAT,
17 October 1961; prepared remarks, C. D. Jackson, “Hollywood's Answer to Communism,” 16 October 1961, Box 94, CDJ.

55
. George Murphy to C. D. Jackson, 18 October 1961, Box 94, CDJ.

56
. In a frank but friendly exchange, Jackson repeated his newfound belief that the Australian was not the extremist he had originally believed him to be, but begged him “to disassociate yourself and your Crusade in a clear and cleancut way from the John Birch Society, which I frankly consider beyond the pale.” In response, Schwarz insisted he did not agree with the far-right views of Robert Welch but had “been trying to avoid fighting with other organizations thus wasting time and energy.” Despite their different stance on the Birchers, Schwarz concluded, the two men were clear allies in the fight to defend America. Jackson to Schwarz, 24 January 1962, Box 94, CDJ; Schwarz to Jackson, 27 January 1962, Box 94, CDJ.

57
. Jackson to H. E. Christiansen, 31 October 1961, Box 94, CDJ.

58
. Brenner, “Shouting at the Rain,” 3–4;
LAT
, 29 September, 8, 16 October 1961; George Murphy to Jackson, 18 October 1961, Box 94, CDJ;
NYT
, 29 October, 3 November 1961.

59
. Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
230;
CACC Newsletter,
February 1962; Joseph Crespino,
Strom Thurmond's America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), 123–124.

60
. Otto Brandt to Walter Wagstaff and Bob Temple, 28 September 1961, Box 36, DSB; Brandt to Kai Jorgensen, 2 October 1961, Box 36, DSB; memorandum from Bob Schulman to Mrs. Bullitt et al., 29 September 1961, Box 36, DSB; Memorandum from Lee Schulman to Mrs. Bullitt, Otto Brandt, and Bob Schulman, 9 October 1961, Box 36, DSB;
Saturday Review,
27 January 1962; Patrick Murphy Malin to Fred Thrower, 3 February 1962, Box 36, DSB;
ST
, 17 October 1961; Mrs. Payne Karr to Mrs. Scott Bullitt, 25 October 1961, Box 36, DSB.

61
.
Time,
9 February 1962; “Evangelicals and the Right-Wing Renascence,”
Christianity Today,
22 December 1961, 25–26; “Contra the Schwarz Crusade,”
Christian Century,
7 February 1962, 170–171; “T.R.B. from Washington,”
New Republic,
1 January 1962, 3; Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
274–283;
National Review,
5 and 19 June 1962, 31 July 1962.

62
. Program, School of Anti-Communism, Los Angeles, 11–15 December 1961, Box 43, CUAEL; Fred Schwarz to “Dear Friend,” 6 September 1962, Box
10, SBC-CLC;
CACC Newsletter,
May 1962, August 1962; Schwarz,
Beating the Unbeatable Foe,
13–14.

CHAPTER 6: “WHOSE RELIGIOUS TRADITION?”

1
. M. A. Henderson,
Sowers of the Word: A 95-Year History of the Gideons International, 1899–1994
(Nashville, TN: The Gideons International, 1995), 53, 100–105.

2
. Ibid., 4–5, 37; Leo Pfeffer, “The Gideons March on the Schools,”
Congress Weekly,
5 October 1953, 7;
NYT
, 22 August 1949.

3
. Pfeffer, “The Gideons March on the Schools,” 7.

4
. Typewritten copy of original letter, John Van Der Ems to Guy Hilleboe, 10 May 1951, Box 800, ACLU; Rutherford Public Schools, “To All Parents,” memorandum, 21 November 1951, Box 800, ACLU; meeting minutes, Rutherford Board of Education, 10 December 1951, Box 800, ACLU.

5
. Meeting minutes, Rutherford Board of Education, 10 December 1951, Box 800, ACLU; meeting minutes, Rutherford Board of Education, 14 January 1952, Box 800, ACLU.

6
. 14 N.J. 31, 100 A. 2d 857 (1953);
NYT
, 17 March 1953, 4 and 6 October 1953;
Church and State,
November 1953, 5; Pfeffer, “The Gideons March on the Schools,” 8–9; Kevin M. Schultz,
Tri-Faith America: How Catholics and Jews Held Postwar America to Its Protestant Promise
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 128–134;
Church and State,
January 1954, 6.

7
. Henderson,
Sowers of the Word,
105–106; Donald G. Paterson to Dean M. Schweickhard, 29 March 1957, Box 801, ACLU; Schweickhard to Paterson, 2 April 1957, Box 801, ACLU; Robert Satter to Lewis Joughin, 16 June 1955, Box 800, ACLU; press release, “Education Board Approves Bible Distribution in Miami Schools,” 3 September 1956, Box 801, ACLU.

8
. Richard B. Dierenfield,
Religion in American Public Schools
(Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1962), 83–87.

9
. State Board of Regents, “The Regents Statement on Moral and Spiritual Training in the Schools,” 30 November 1951, Box 809, ACLU.

10
. William Lee Miller, “The Fight over America's Fourth ‘R,'”
The Reporter,
22 March 1956, 20;
NYT
, 29 March 1955.

11
. Miller, “The Fight over America's Fourth ‘R,'” 21.

12
. Ibid., 21–22;
NYT
, 5 August 1956; New York Board of Rabbis, “An Analysis of the New York Board of Superintendents' Guiding Statement for Supervisors and Teachers on Moral and Spiritual Values and the Schools,” Box 22, SBC-CLC; “New York ACLU Warns School's ‘Moral-Spiritual' Program Invades First Amendment,” press release, 9 April 1956, Box 809, ACLU.

13
.
NYT
, 13 January, 12 October 1952; [Max J. Rubin and Frank E. Karelsen], “Arguments For and Against the Regent's Recommendation for Public School Prayer,” 21 February 1952, Box 799, ACLU.

14
. Fred W. Friendly and Martha J. H. Elliot,
The Constitution: That Delicate Balance
(New York: Random House, 1984), 110; Theodore Powell, “Caesar, God
and the Public Schools,” unpublished manuscript, Chapter III, 2–4, copy in Box 807, ACLU.

15
. Powell, “Caesar, God and the Public Schools,” Chapter III, 3–5.

16
. Ibid. Chapter III, 6–10; “The Court Decision—and the School Prayer Furor,”
Newsweek,
9 July 1962, 43; Joshua Hammer, “The Sly Dog at Fox,”
Newsweek,
25 May 1992, 62.

17
. Powell, “Caesar, God and the Public Schools,” Chapter III, 10; Friendly and Elliott,
The Constitution,
118–119.