Masters of the Planet (44 page)

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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
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Schwartz,
J. H., I. Tattersall. 2010. Fossil evidence for the origin of
Homo sapiens. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol.
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Tishkoff, S. A., F. A. Reed, F. B. Friedlander, C. Ehret, A. Ranciaro. A. Froment, J. B. Hirbo and numerous others. 2009. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.
Science
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White, T. D., B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa, F. C. Howell. 2003. Pleistocene
Homo sapiens
from Middle Awash, Ethiopia.
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CHAPTER 13: THE ORIGIN OF SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR

The Skh
l and Oued Djebbana beads were reported by Vanhaeren et al. (2006), the Skh
l pigments were analyzed by D'Errico et al. (2010), and further bead evidence in the North African Aterian was reported by Bouzouggar et al. (2007) and d'Errico et al. (2009). The Blombos plaques were described by Henshilwood et al. (2002), and the beads from the site by Henshilwood et al. (2004). Marean et al. (2007) reported pigments and shellfishing at Pinnacle Point; heat treatment of silcrete there was described by Brown et al. (2009), and pressure-flaking at Blombos by Mourre et al. (2010). For background on the Klasies River Mouth sites, see Deacon and Deacon (1999). The Diepkloof ostrich eggshell containers are described by Texier et al. (2020), and the Enkapune Ya Muto beads by Ambrose (1998); see Mellars (2006) for a discussion of early human dispersal through Eurasia, and Kuhn et al. (2001) for shell beads from Lebanese and Turkish sites.

Ambrose, S. H. 1998. Chronology of the later Stone Age and food production in East Africa.
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25: 377–392.

Bouzouggar, A., N. Barton, M. Vanhaeren, F. d'Errico, S. Colcutt, T. Higham, E. Hodge and 8 others. 2007. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
104: 9964–9969.

Brown, K. S., C. W. Marean, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, D. Braun, D. L. Roberts, M. C. Meyer, J. Bernatchez. 2009. Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans.
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325: 859–862.

Deacon, H., J. Deacon. 1999.
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d'Errico, F., M. Vanhaeren, N. Barton, A. Bouzouggar, H. Mienis, D. Richter, J.-J. Hublin, S. P. McPherron, P. Lozouet. 2009. Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa.
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d'Errico, F., H. Salomon, C. Vignaud, C. Stringer. 2010. Pigments from Middle Paleolithic leves of es-Skh
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Henshilwood, C., F. d'Errico, M. Vanhaeren, K. van Niekerk, Z. Jacobs. 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa.
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304: 404.

Henshilwood, C. S., F. d'Errico, R. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, G. A. T. Duller, N. Mercier and 4 others. 2002. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa.
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295: 1278–1280.

Kuhn, S., M. C. Stiner, D. S. Reese, E. Gulec. 2001. Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New Insights from the Levant.
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98: 7641–7646.

Marean, C. W., M. Bar-Matthews, J. Bernatchez, E. Fisher, P. Goldberg, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs and 7 others. 2007. Early use of marine resources
and
pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene.
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449: 905–908.

Mellars, P. 2006. Going east: New genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia.
Science
313: 796–800.

Mourre, V., P. Villa, C. S. Henshilwood. 2010. Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa.
Science
330: 659–662.

Texier P. J., G. Porraz, J. Parkington J.-P. Rigaud, C. Poggenpoel, C. Miller, C. Tribolo, C. Cartwright, A. Coudenneau, R. Klein, T. Steele, C. Verna. 2010. A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa.
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Vanhaeren, M., F. d'Errico, C. Stringer, S. L. James, J. A. Todd, H. K. Mienis. 2006. Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria.
Science
312: 1785–1788.

CHAPTER 14: IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE WORD

For the implication of the FOXP2 gene in speech disorders, see Lai et al. (2001), and for its identification in Neanderthals see Krause et al. (2007). For a discussion of the larynx, facial proportions, and speech see P. Lieberman (2007) and D. E. Lieberman (2011). For amusing advocacy of theory of mind see Dunbar (2004), and for the role of language in symbolic thought see Tattersall (2008). Atkinson (2011) discusses the potential significance of phonemic diversity. For Nicaraguan sign language see Kegl et al. (1999), and for the case of Ildefonso see Schaller (1991). Jill Bolte Taylor (2006) describes the effects of her stroke on her language abilities. DeSalle and Tattersall (2011) provide an account of the functioning and long history of the human brain, and Geschwind (1966) discusses the putative significance of the angular gyrus. Coolidge and Wynn (2009) and Balter (2010) discuss working memory.

Atkinson, Q. D. 2011. Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa.
Science
332: 346–349.

Balter, M. 2010. Did working memory spark creative culture?
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328: 160–163.

Coolidge, F. L., T. Wynn. 2009.
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Homo sapiens:
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DeSalle, R., I. Tattersall. 2011.
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Dunbar, R. I. M. 2004.
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Klein, R. 2009.
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Krause,
J., C. Lalueza-Fox, L. Orlando, W. Enard, R. E. Green, H. A, Burbano, J.-J. Hublin and 6 others. 2007. The derived
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Lieberman, D. E. 2011.
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Lieberman, P. 2007. The evolution of human speech: Its anatomical and neural bases.
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Schaller, S. 1991.
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Schwartz, J. H., I. Tattersall. 2003.
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Taylor, J. B. 2006.
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CODA

Marcus (2008) entertainingly details the deficiencies of the human mind. Earth's erosional history is discussed by Wilkinson (2005), and the genetic underpinnings of violence and their neural correlates by Meyer-Lindburg et al. (2006). Crutzen (2002) summarized justifications for the Anthropocene.

Crutzen, P. 2002. Geology of mankind.
Nature
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Marcus, G. 2008.
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Meyer-Lindburg, A., J. W. Buckholtz, B. Kolachana, A. R. Hariri, L. Pezawas, G. Blasi, A. Wabnitz and 6 others. 2006. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans.
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Wilkinson, B. H. 2005. Humans as geologic agents: A deep-time perspective.
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INDEX

A Man Without Words
(Schaller),
217

Abric Romaní (Spain),
173

Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal),
168,
248

accommodation,
11,
22–3,
60,
71,
83,
103,
117,
149,
161

Acheulean culture,
124–9,
186,
245–6

Adam's apple,
36

adaptation,
xvii,
xx,
32,
35,
44,
59–60,
68–9,
73,
77,
148,
161,
210,
248

“adaptive radiation,”
69

“adaptive zone,”
69

AL 333,
32–3

See
Hadar region

Alemseged, Zeresenay,
37,
238

Altai Mountains,
160,
248

Altamira (cave) (Spain),
xii-xiii,
180–1

ambush-hunting techniques,
169

American Museum of Natural History,
107

American Sign Language (ASL),
217

ancestry,
ix-x,
xv-xix,
4–12,
18–9,
25–6,
29,
40–1,
45–6,
55–63,
67,
81–2,
96,
105,
109–10,
130,
132,
148–
52,
167,
175,
185,
189,
192–4,
199,
205,
208,
215–6,
228,
231

“angular gyrus,”
223

animal proteins,
47,
108,
114,
169