Mary Queen of Scots (45 page)

12 Michael Lynch, “Queen Mary’s Triumph: the Baptismal Celebrations at Stirling in December, 1566,”
Scottish Historical Review
, 69, 1990: 1–21.

13 In 1568 when Bizari, an intelligence agent for Cecil on the continent, wrote his version of the murders, he blamed Scottish politics and made no reference to an English conspiracy. He also admitted visiting Mary’s court in 1564 because Bedford had greatly praised her. See George Barwick, “A Side-Light on the Mystery of Mary Stuart: Pietro Bizari’s Contemporary Account of the Murders of Riccio and Darnley,”
Scottish
History Review
, 21, 1924: 116–22.

14 Keith,
Church and State
, vol. II, p. 496.

15 William Robertson,
The History of Scotland During the Reigns of Queen
Mary and King James VI Till His Accession to the Crown of England
, new edition, Aberdeen: Clark, 1847, p. 527.

16 Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. I, p. 398.

17 Some documents cite the Bishop of Isles, who was John Carswell.
Lismore was, however, the cathedral headquarters of Argyll, which was sometimes referred to by its diocesan seat. The Isles, which includes the Isles and Man, is sometimes called Surdreys or Sodor.

18
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs Existing in the Archives
and Collections of Venice and in Other Libraries in Northern Italy
, ed. H.
Brown, 38 vols, London: Lords Commissioners of her Majesty’s Treasury, 1864–1947, vol. VII, pp. 389–90. In another statement, he said the whole house was ruined. On his way home Moretta met with de Silva, who wrote to Philip that he believed the Savoyard suspected she was involved in the murder, but de Silva also admitted that Moretta was disappointed that she had not permitted him to see the king’s body.
Clearly, in France he did not implicate Mary.

19 Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. VII, p. 108; William Sanderson,
A Complete History
of the Lives and Reigns of Mary Queen of Scotland and her Son and
Successor, James the Sixth, King of Scotland
, London: Humphrey Moseley,
et al
., 1656, p. 48, reported that Sir Roger Alston (
sic
Aston) who accompanied James to England made the incredible statement that he and an earl of Dunbar (George Home) were with the king and escaped the house after smelling a lighted match. With sword in hand, Henry sent Alston to protect the prince while remaining to defend himself.

20
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, Preserved Principally at
Rome in the Vatican Archives and Library
, ed. J.M. Rigg, 2 vols, London: HMSO, 1926, vol. II, pp. 223–4. (Hereafter
CSP Rome
.) 21 Claude Nau,
The History of Mary Stewart From the Murder of Riccio Until
her Flight into England
, ed. Joseph Stevenson, Edinburgh: William Patterson, 1883, pp. clxiii–clxvi, prints a procuratory of Lady Bothwell dated 20 March. Ironically, in the almost certainly forged Casket Letters and Sonnets, she wrote that she would put her son, her honor, and her soul completely in Bothwell’s power. See Sarah Dunnigan,
Eros and
Poetry at the Courts of Mary Queen of Scots and James VI
, New York: Palgrave, 2002, p. 28, and my review in
Clio: A Journal of Literature,
History and the Philosophy of History,
33, 2004: 83–8.

22 J. Irvine Smith, “Criminal Procedure,” in
An Introduction to Scottish Legal
History
, Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1958, pp. 432–4; Julian Goodare,
State
and Society in Early Modern Scotland
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 135.

23 Julian Goodare,
The Government of Scotland, 1560–1625
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 134.

24 Keith Brown,
Bloodfeud in Scotland, 1575–1625: Violence, Justice and
Politics in an Early Modern Society
, Edinburgh: Donald, 1986, p. 15.

25
CSP Scot
, vol. II, p. 341.

26
CSP Rome
, vol. II, pp. 215–25. Three of the four deponents said she was forced to marry him, but one said he had heard both that she was constrained and that she was willing to wed him. See also,
CSP Scot
, vol. II, p. 362, for a letter of Robert Melville’s in which he states that when she requested assistance, the burgh’s inhabitants sallied forth through their portes. Sometimes, his letter is read as though she sent the messenger after arriving at Dunbar. That seems an impossible scenario. The author of
A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents That Have Passed Within the
Country of Scotland Since the Death of James the Fourth Till the Year 1575
, (ed.) T. Thomson, Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1833, p. 109, said that during the abduction she sent to Edinburgh for help but that it was a ruse to conceal her consent.

27
The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne
, ed. M. Lowenthal, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1935, p. 69

7: SEEKING REFUGE, 1567–69

1 Joseph Stevenson (ed.),
Selections from Unpublished Manuscripts in
the College of Arms and the British Museum, Illustrating the Reign of
Mary Queen of Scotland
, Glasgow: Maitland Club, 1837, No. 41, pp. 178–9.

2 Claude Nau,
The History of Mary Stewart From the Murder of Riccio Until
her Flight into England
, ed. Joseph Stevenson, Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1883, p. 37, later claims that Lethington, who was not Bothwell’s friend, and others showed her the Ainslie band and pressured her to marry him.

3 Alexandre Labanoff (ed.),
Lettres, Instructions et Mémoires de Marie
Stuart, Reine D’Écosse
, 7 vols, London: Dolman, 1844, vol. II, pp. 31, 44.

4 Leah Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (eds),
Elizabeth I:
Collected Works
, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 2000, p. 119.

5 Samuel Cowan,
Mary Queen of Scots, and Who Wrote the Casket Letters?
, 2 vols, 2nd edn, London: Low, Marston, 1901, vol. II, p. 337.

6 I wish to thank Robert J. Mueller, associate professor, Utah State University, Utah Basin Campus, for permitting me to read his unpublished manuscript, “Guest or Prisoner? Sir Francis Knollys and Mary Queen of Scots, 1568–1569.”

7 BL Cotton MSS, Caligula B, IX, f. 347–8.

8
Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series, Elizabeth, Addenda, 1566–1579
, 12 vols, London: HMSO, 1855–1872, vol. VII, p. 274. I wish to thank Robert J. Mueller for this reference.

9
CSP Scots
, vol. II, 210.

10 Quoted in Mark Jones (ed.),
Fake? The Art of Deception
, London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1990, p. 22. Letters were the evidence in many seventeenth-century trials although the accused often disputed their authorship. See Frances E. Dolan, “Reading, Writing and Other Crimes,” in V. Traub, M. Lindsay, and D. Collaghan (eds),
Feminist
Reading of Early Modern Culture: Emerging Subjects
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 146.

11 Thomas F. Henderson,
The Casket Letters and Mary, Queen of Scots, with
Appendices
, 2nd edn, Edinburgh: Black, 1890.

12 David M. Walker,
The Scottish Jurists
, Edinburgh: Green, 1985, p. 48;
The
Practicks of Sir James Balfour
, ed. Peter G.B. McNeil, 2 vols, Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1962–63, especially, p. 614.

13 He was forfeited in August 1571, but received a remission for his crimes and a reduction of the forfeiture in 1572. Morton had the forfeiture extended to Balfour’s heirs in 1579. Later, King James made legal efforts to protect Balfour’s property and before Balfour’s death in 1583, he reacquired his lands. See Walker,
Scottish Jurists
, pp. 38–41 and
Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography
(www.Oxforddnb.com) for these details.

14 Reginald Mahon,
Mary Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative
in the University Library at Cambridge
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1924.

15 Ibid., appendix, for many of the documents, including the book of articles; see also Gordon Donaldson,
The First Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots
, New York: Stein and Day, 1969, pp. 142–83.

16 Leslie,
The Copies of a Letter Writen Out of Scotland (1572)
, Menston: Scolar Press, 1970, pp. 26–7. He said, “the said English commissioners were yet so moved with that which fell out before them to the manifest proof of the queen’s innocence...they began to pity her case, and made the earnest request that she might be restored to her crown.”
Norfolk, he said (p. 17) especially believed her innocent since he wanted to marry her.

17
CSP Scot
, vol. II, p. 595.

18 Quoted in C.A.J. Armstrong, “An Italian Astrologer at the Court of Henry VII,” in E.F. Jacob (ed.),
Italian Renaissance Studies: A Tribute to the late
Cecilia M. Ady
, London: Faber, 1960, p. 442.

8: NEGOTIATING RESTITUTION, 1569–1584

1 For examples of her work, see Margaret Swain,
The Needlework of Mary,
Queen of Scots
, London: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973.

2 HMC,
Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury at Hatfield
Hall
, 20 vols, London: HMSO, 1883–1976, vol. I, p. 400.

3 Frederick von Raumer (ed.),
Contributions to Modern History from the
British Museum and the State Paper Office
, 2 vols, London: Knight, 1836–7, vol. I, p. 193.

4 Alexandre Labanoff (ed.),
Lettres, Instructions et Mémoires de Marie
Stuart, Reine D’Écosse
, 7 vols, London: Dolman, 1844, vol. III, pp. 48–9, for example.

5
BL, Cott. MSS, Calig.
CII, f. 23.

6 Labanoff,
Lettres,
vol. III, pp. 35, 48–9.

7 William Turnbull (ed.),
Letters of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland,
London: Dolman, 1845, pp. 196–7; Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. III, pp. 221–50.

8
CSP Scot
, vol. V, 75.

9 Mrs P. Stewart-MacKenzie Arbuthnot (ed.),
Queen Mary’s Book: A
Collection of Poems and Essays by Mary Queen of Scots
, London: Bell, 1907, pp. 102–5.

10 An English crown was worth 5 shillings.

11 Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. IV, pp. 40–5.

12 Ibid., p. 326.

13 BL, Royal MSS, 18B, VI, f. 293b.

14 Arbuthnot,
Mary’s Book
, p. 106 note.

15 Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. VI, pp. 352–62.

16 John Jones,
The Benefit of the Ancient Bathes of Buckstone which Cureth
Most Greevous Sicknesses
, London: East and Middleton for Jones, 1572.
Shrewsbury appointed Jones to a rectory in 1581.

17 PRO SP 53/11, nos 26, 28; BL Cott. MSS. Calig. CVIII, f. 57; Labanoff,
Lettres
, vol. IV, pp. 368–74.

18 John Leader,
Mary Queen of Scots In Captivity: A Narrative of Events
, London: Bell, 1880, p. 584.

19 Richard MacKenney,
Sixteenth Century Europe: Expansion and Conflict
, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993, p. 262.

20
CSP Scot
, vol. V, 198;
CSP Rome
, vol. II, 215–230.

21 Labanoff,
Lettres
, VI, pp. 312–22.

22 These rumors have been disputed. See Frederik Schiern,
Life of James
Hepburn
, trans. D. Berry, Edinburgh: Douglas, 1880; and J. Watts De Peyser,
Mary Stuart, Bothwell, and the Casket Letters, Something New
, New York: Ludwig, 1890.

23 HMC,
Report on the Manuscripts of Lord Middleton Preserved at Wollaton
Hall, Nottinghamshire
, London: HMSO, 1911, p. 153.

24 HMC,
Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable, the Marquess
of Bath at Longleat, Wiltshire. Vol. 5: Talbot, Dudley and Devereux Papers,
1533–1659,
London: HMSO, 1981, pp. 51–2.

9: FAILING ENTERPRISES, 1584–86

1 PRO, SP 53/13, no. 55.

2
The Letters and Memorials of William Cardinal Allen (1532–94)
, intro.

Thomas Knox, London: Nutt, 1882: lxiii–lxiv.

3
The Intended Treason of Doctor Parrie and Complices Against the Queens
Most Excellent Majestie
, London: f. Car, 1585.

4 John Bossy,
Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001, pp. 175–6.

5 Alexandre Labanoff (ed.),
Lettres
,
Instructions et Mémoires de Marie Stuart
,
Reine D’Écosse
, 7 vols, London: Dolman, 1844, vol. VI, pp. 274–93.

6 Ibid. pp. 368–9.

7 Knox,
Letters of Allen
, p. 320.

8 Leo Hicks (ed.),
Letters and Memorials of Robert Persons
,
1578–1588
, 2
vols,
Catholic Record Society
, 39, 1942: 246–51, 357–8.

9 Frederick von Raumer (ed.),
Contributions to Modern History from the
British Museum and the State Paper Office
, 2 vols, London: Knight, 1836–7, vol. I, p. 309.

10 A.G. Smith,
The Babington Plot
, London: Macmillan, 1936, pp. 35–6 and p. 258 for a discussion of the various texts, which basically agree with each other and are confirmed by his various confessions.

11 Smith,
Babington
, p. 61.

12 Ibid., p. 63

13 Conyers Read (ed.),
The Bardon Papers
, Camden Society, third series, vol. xvii, London: Royal Historical Society, 1909, p. 130.

14
CSP Span
, vol. III, 382.

15 Samuel Cowan,
Mary Queen of Scots, and Who Wrote the Casket Letters?
, 2 vols, 2nd edn, London: Low, Marston, 1901, vol. II, pp. 240–44, for example, prints both letters, noting the inconsistencies to prove to his satisfaction that the references to Elizabeth’s assassination were forged.

16 Samuel Cowan,
The Last Days of Mary Stuart and the Journal of
Bourgoyne, Her Physician
, London: Nash, 1907, pp. 159–285