Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography (153 page)

Gow to PM, 16 Nov. 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: The Situation in Northern Ireland (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
137
.
Prior to PM, 21 Dec. 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: The Situation in Northern Ireland (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
138
.
Gow to PM, 15 Feb. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: The Situation in Northern Ireland (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
139
.
Gow to PM, 23 Mar. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: The Situation in Northern Ireland (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
140
.
Armstrong to PM, 24 Mar. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: The Situation in Northern Ireland (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
141
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 1 Apr. 1982.
142
.
Gow to PM, 2 April 1982, THCR 2/6/2/117.
143
.
Interview with Lord Prior.
144
.
Interview with Sean Aylward.
145
.
Aylward, 26 May 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: Meetings with the Taoiseach (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
146
.
Hansard, HC Deb 29 July 1982 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105009
).
147
.
Armstrong to Coles, 6 Aug. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ireland: Meetings with the Taioseach (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
148
.
Gow to PM, 15 Nov. 1982, THCR 2/6/2/117.
149
.
Interview with Sir David Goodall.

1
.
Interview with Lord Burns.
2
.
John Hoskyns,
Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution
, Aurum Press, 2000, p. 270.
3
.
Walters to PM, 10 Feb. 1981, The Thatcher Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, THCR 1/5/13.
4
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 272.
5
.
Interview with David Willetts.
6
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 269.
7
.
Interview with Sir Douglas Wass.
8
.
Interview with Lord Wolfson of Sunningdale.
9
.
Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 135.
10
.
Interview with Sir Alan Walters.
11
.
Ibid.
12
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 273.
13
.
Ibid., p. 276.
14
.
Ibid., pp. 276–7.
15
.
HM Treasury papers, PDF file 51: drafts of the Budget speech c, 24 Feb. 1981 (
http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/foi_51draftsbudgetspeech_c.pdf
).
16
.
Interview with Sir Alan Walters.
17
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 279.
18
.
Interview with Sir Douglas Wass.
19
.
See Geoffrey Howe,
Conflict of Loyalty
, Macmillan, 1994, p. 202.
20
.
Interview with Sir Adam Ridley.
21
.
Ibid.
22
.
Interview with Sir Peter Middleton.
23
.
Interview with Lord Burns.
24
.
Interview with Andrew Duguid.
25
.
Interview with Lord Burns.
26
.
Interview with David Willetts.
27
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
28
.
Interview with Lord Prior.
29
.
Interview with Lord Walker.
30
.
Interview with Lord Gilmour of Craigmillar.
31
.
Interview with Lord Prior.
32
.
All quotations from Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 10 Mar. 1981.
33
.
Ingham digest, 11 Mar. 1981, THCR 3/5/4.
34
.
Speech to
Guardian
Young Businessman of the Year, 11 Mar. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104594
).
35
.
Ingham digest, 12 Mar. 1981, THCR 3/5/4.
36
.
Ingham digest, 13 Mar. 1981, THCR 3/5/4.
37
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 288.
38
.
Ingham digest, 30 Mar. 1981, THCR 3/5/4.
39
.
Ibid.
40
.
Interview with Sir Peter Middleton.
41
.
Nigel Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, Bantam, 1992, p. 98.
42
.
Interview with Sir Peter Middleton.
43
.
See Alan Walters,
Britain’s Economic Renaissance
, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 157.
44
.
Interview with Sir Douglas Wass.
45
.
Ingham digest, 14 Apr. 1981, THCR 3/5/5.
46
.
Interview for ITN, 13 Apr. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104617
).
47
.
John Hoskyns, diary (unpublished), entry for 18 May 1981.
48
.
Howe to PM, 8 Apr. 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
49
.
Howe note on Economic Strategy, 12 June 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
50
.
Armstrong to PM, 16 June 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
51
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 17 June 1981.
52
.
Party political broadcast, 8 July 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104679
).
53
.
Hugo Young,
One of Us
, Macmillan, 1989.
54
.
Ingham to Pym, 8 July 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers: Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
55
.
All quotations from Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 9 July 1981.
56
.
Ingham digest, 14 July 1981, THCR 3/5/8.
57
.
Ingham digest, 16 July 1981, THCR 3/5/8.
58
.
Note of meeting between Reagan and Thatcher, 20 July 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Ottawa Economic Summit (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
59
.
Interview with Mike Deaver.
60
.
Richard Aldous,
Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship
, W. W. Norton, 2012, p. 50.
61
.
Interview with Kenneth Duberstein.
62
.
New York Times
, 23 July 1981.
63
.
Ronald Reagan,
The Reagan Diaries
, HarperCollins, 2007, 20–21 July 1981, p. 32.
64
.
All quotations from Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 23 July 1981.
65
.
Ibid.
66
.
Ingham digest, 24 July 1981, THCR 3/5/8.
67
.
Interview with Sir Tim Lankester.
68
.
Louis to Secretary of State, 31 July 1981, UK (01/20/1981–08/13/1981) [5], Box 20, Exec Sec, NSC: Country File, Reagan Library, Simi Valley CA.
69
.
Ingham digest, 30 July 1981, THCR 3/5/8.
70
.
Ingham to Pym, 31 July 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
71
.
The
Times
, 3 Aug. 1981.
72
.
Sun
, 6 Aug. 1981.
73
.
James Prior,
A Balance of Power
, Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 132.
74
.
Interview with Sir Michael Scholar.
75
.
Interview with Lord Jopling.
76
.
Charles Douglas-Home to PM, 18 Aug. 1981, THCR 1/3/6.
77
.
Interview with Sir Michael Scholar.
78
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
79
.
Ibid.
80
.
Interview with Lord Kerr of Kinlochard.
81
.
Interview with Lord Jopling.
82
.
Correspondence between Sir John Hoskyns and the author.
83
.
Ibid.
84
.
All quotations from ‘Your Political Survival’, Hoskyns to PM, 20 Aug. 1981, document in the possession of Sir John Hoskyns.
85
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, pp. 327–8.
86
.
Ibid., p. 327.
87
.
See Stanley Crooks,
Peter Thorneycroft
, George Mann, 2007, p. 277.
88
.
Correspondence with Sir John Hoskyns.
89
.
See Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, pp. 332–3.
90
.
Daily Mail
, 27 Aug. 1981.
91
.
Note for the record, 2 Sept. 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Industrial Relations Legislation (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
92
.
Gilmour to PM, 14 Sept. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104704
).
93
.
Ingham digest, 15 Sept. 1981, THCR 3/5/9.
94
.
D. K. Britto to D. Howe, 1 Oct. 1981, THCR 2/6/2/135 part 1.
95
.
Heath speech to Federation of Conservative Students, Manchester,
The Times
, 7 Oct. 1981.
96
.
Speech at Monash University, Melbourne, 6 Oct. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104712
).
97
.
Interview with Lord Patten of Barnes.
98
.
Ibid.
99
.
Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill.
100
.
Howe to PM, 9 Oct. 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Economic Policy: Economic Strategy: Pay and Prices (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
101
.
Hoskyns,
Just in Time
, p. 338.
102
.
Notes for conference speech, 16 Oct. 1981, THCR 5/1/4/24.
103
.
Hoskyns, p. 339.
104
.
Speech to Conservative Party conference, 16 Oct. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104717
).
105
.
Ingham digest, 17 Oct. 1981, THCR 3/5/9.
106
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 20 Oct. 1981.
107
.
Ibid.
108
.
Ingham digest, 29 Oct. 1981, THCR 3/5/9.
109
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 29 Oct. 1981.
110
.
Interview with Lord Prior.
111
.
Interview with Lord Kerr of Kinlochard.
112
.
Howe,
Conflict of Loyalty
, p. 233.
113
.
Speech to Lord Mayor’s Banquet, 16 Nov. 1981 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104741
).
114
.
Interview with Sir Michael Scholar.
115
.
Ibid.
116
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 26 Nov. 1981.
117
.
M. Jopling to PM, 4 Dec. 1981, THCR 2/6/2/49.
118
.
Guardian
, 3 Dec. 1981.
119
.
Ingham digest, 6 Dec. 1981, THCR 3/5/11.
120
.
Daily Telegraph
, 9 Nov. 1981.
121
.
See Ingham digest, 9 Dec. 1981, THCR 3/5/11.
122
.
Ian Gow to PM, 29 Dec. 1981, THCR 1/3/6.
123
.
Interview with Sir Mark Thatcher.
124
.
Ingham’s digest, 14 Jan. 1982, THCR 3/5/12.
125
.
Interview with Sir Michael Scholar.
126
.
Sun
, 14 Jan. 1982.
127
.
Daily Express
, 14 Jan. 1982.
128
.
Interview with Lord Laing of Dunphail.
129
.
Interview with Sir Michael Scholar.
130
.
Coles to Thatcher, 12 Feb. 1982, TNA: PRO PREM 19/893.
131
.
Ingham digest, 15 Jan. 1982, THCR 3/5/12.
132
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 28 Jan. 1982.

1
.
Lord Luce, private memoir. Lord Luce has also published a memoir,
Ringing the Changes
(Michael Russell, 2007), which gives an account of his Falklands experience. Since his earlier manuscript memoir is fuller at most points, however, it is the source for quotations here.
2
.
Carrington to OD, 12 Oct. 1979, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
3
.
Carrington to PM, 20 Sept. 1979, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Argentine Relations (papers seen by the Prime Minister that may be required during the Falkland Islands inquiry).
4
.
OD memo by Carrington, 12 Oct. 1979, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
5
.
Record of Anglo-Argentine talks on the Falklands, New York, 28–29 Apr. 1980, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
6
.
This and subsequent quotations are from Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 7 Nov. 1980.
7
.
Papers relating to the compilation of Lady Thatcher’s memoirs, The Thatcher Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, THCR 4/3.
8
.
See Lawrence Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, 2 vols, Routledge, 2005, vol. i:
The Origins of the Falklands War
, p. 127.
9
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 7 Nov. 1980.
10
.
Ibid., 3 Dec. 1980.
11
.
‘Record of a meeting held in 1 Carlton Gardens’, 30 June 1981, FCO Archives (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/118468
).
12
.
Joint Intelligence Committee, July 1981, JIC (81) (N) 34, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
13
.
Interview with Lord Bramall.
14
.
Interview with Sir David Omand.
15
.
Luce, private memoir.
16
.
Hunt to Carrington, 19 Jan. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
17
.
See Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. i, p. 154.
18
.
Luce, private memoir.
19
.
See Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. i, p. 158.
20
.
Ibid., p. 160.
21
.
Cable, ‘Travel of Assistant Secretary Enders’, 3 Mar. 1982, FOI Electronic Reading Room, US State Department (
http://foia.state.gov/documents/argentina/0000AF2F.pdf
).
22
.
Luce, private memoir.
23
.
See Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. i, p. 167.
24
.
Alan Clark,
Diaries:
Into Politics
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, 22 Mar. 1982, p. 305.
25
.
Williams to Foreign Office, 27 Mar. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
26
.
All quotations from Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 25 Mar. 1982.
27
.
Prime Minister’s Papers, Cabinet Conclusions, 25 Mar. 1982 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
28
.
Luce, private memoir.
29
.
Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by the Prime Minister, 25 Oct. 1982, TNA: PRO CAB 292/47.
30
.
Ibid.
31
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
32
.
Luce, private memoir.
33
.
Ibid.
34
.
See Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. i, pp. 84 ff.
35
.
Ibid., p. 206.
36
.
Luce, private memoir; ‘Sir Rex Hunt’,
Daily Telegraph
obituary, 12 Nov. 2012.
37
.
Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. i, p. 207.
38
.
Interview with Sir John Nott.
39
.
Luce, private memoir.
40
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
41
.
Interview with Sir Henry Leach.
42
.
Ibid.
43
.
Ibid.
44
.
Ibid.
45
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
46
.
Interview with Sir Henry Leach.
47
.
Ibid.
48
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
49
.
Interview with Sir John Nott.
50
.
Interview with Sir David Omand.
51
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 1 Apr. 1982.
52
.
Ibid.
53
.
Luce, private memoir.
54
.
Interview with Dennis Blair.
55
.
Interview with Judge William Clark.
56
.
Alexander Haig,
Caveat: Realism,
Reagan, and Foreign Policy
, Macmillan, 1984, pp. 264–5.
57
.
Interview with Jim Rentschler.
58
.
Interview with Roger Fontaine.
59
.
Lord Renwick of Clifton, unpublished manuscript.
60
.
Luce, private memoir.
61
.
Ibid.
62
.
Ibid.
63
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 2 Apr. 1982.
64
.
Ibid.
65
.
Falkland Islands Review Committee: transcript of oral evidence by the Prime Minister, 25 Oct. 1982, TNA: PRO CAB 292/47.
66
.
Private information.
67
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 2 Apr. 1982.
68
.
Interview with Sir Henry Leach.
69
.
Luce, private memoir.
70
.
Weston to Coles, 2 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
71
.
Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 181.
72
.
Luce, private memoir.
73
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
74
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
75
.
Interview with Lord Kerr of Kinlochard.
76
.
Clark,
Diaries: Into Politics
, 3 Apr. 1982, p. 312.
77
.
Hansard, HC Deb 3 Apr. 1982 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104910
).
78
.
Ibid.
79
.
Hansard, HC Deb 3 Apr. 1982.
80
.
Clark,
Diaries: Into Politics
, 15 June 1982, p. 333.
81
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
82
.
Clark,
Diaries: Into Politics
, 3 Apr. 1982, p. 313.
83
.
Interview with Sir David Omand.
84
.
THCR 4/3.
85
.
See John Nott,
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow
, Politico’s, 2002, ch. 8.
86
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
87
.
Interview with Lord Jopling.
88
.
Ibid.
89
.
Interview with Sir Antony Acland.
90
.
Interview with Lord Parkinson.
91
.
Interview with Sir Michael Palliser.
92
.
Margaret Thatcher’s manuscript account, THCR 1/20/3/1.
93
.
Interview with Lord Luce.
94
.
Interview with Lord Carrington.
95
.
THCR 4/3.
96
.
Interview with Sir Brian Fall.
97
.
Interview with Sir Michael Palliser.
98
.
Ibid.
99
.
Interview with Sir Antony Acland.
100
.
Ibid.
101
.
Lord Deedes, diary (unpublished), 5 Apr. 1982.
102
.
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
, p. 181.
103
.
Interview with Lord Jopling.
104
.
ITN News, 5 Apr. 1982 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104913
).
105
.
THCR 1/20/3/1.
106
.
Jacques Attali,
Verbatim
, vol. i:
1981
–
1986
, Fayard, 1993, 5 Apr. 1982, p. 201.
107
.
Pattison to Coles, 3 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
108
.
Interview with Hubert Vedrine.
109
.
Luce, private memoir.
110
.
Telephone conversation with King Hussein, 3 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
111
.
THCR 4/3.
112
.
See Freedman,
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign
, vol. ii:
War and Diplomacy
, p. 21.
113
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
114
.
Ibid.
115
.
THCR 1/20/3/1.
116
.
Interview with Lord Kerr of Kinlochard.
117
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
118
.
Interview with Sir John Nott.
119
.
See John Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher
, 2 vols, Jonathan Cape, 2000, 2003, vol. ii:
The Iron Lady
, p. 141, n. 38.
120
.
Interview with Sir Denis Thatcher.
121
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
122
.
Interview with Sir David Omand.
123
.
Ibid.
124
.
Interview with Sir Philip Goodhart.
125
.
THCR 1/20/3/1.
126
.
Hansard, HC Deb 7 Apr. 1982 (
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104916
).
127
.
THCR 4/3.
128
.
THCR 1/20/3/1.
129
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
130
.
Interview with Sir John Coles.
131
.
Interview with Dov Zakheim.
132
.
Interview with David Gompert.
133
.
Interview with Bud McFarlane.
134
.
Ronald Reagan, ‘Question and answer session with reporters on domestic and foreign policy’, 5 Apr. 1982, The Public Papers of the Presidents, The American Presidency Project, University of California.
135
.
Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 6 Apr. 1982.
136
.
Henderson to FO telegram, 7 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
137
.
Interview with Jim Rentschler.
138
.
Interview with Roger Fontaine.
139
.
Interview with Jim Rentschler.
140
.
Ibid.
141
.
Ibid.
142
.
Ibid.
143
.
THCR 1/20/3/1.
144
.
‘The Falkland Islands Crisis’, 7 Apr. 1982, Electronic Briefing Book #375, National Security Archive, Washington DC.
145
.
Henderson to FO telegram, 6 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
146
.
Ibid.
147
.
Interview with Edward Streator.
148
.
Jim Rentschler, diary (unpublished), 8 Apr. 1982.
149
.
Record of conversation with Haig, 8 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
150
.
Ibid.
151
.
Rentschler, diary, 8 Apr. 1982.
152
.
Interview with Alexander Haig.
153
.
Interview with David Gompert.
154
.
Interview with Alexander Haig.
155
.
Interview with Sir Clive Whitmore.
156
.
‘Draft Line To Take’, 11 Apr. 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Argentina: Position of the Falkland Islands (document consulted in the Cabinet Office).
157
.
Haig to Reagan, ‘Discussions in London’, 9 Apr. 1982, Falklands War (04/09/1982–04/15/1982), Box 30, Exec Sec, NSC: Country File, Reagan Library, Simi Valley CA.
158
.
See Haig,
Caveat
, p. 273.
159
.
‘Talking Points: Galtieri’, 9 Apr. 1982, United Kingdom – 1982 (03/01/1982–04/30/1982), Box 90233, Dennis Blair Files, Reagan Library.