Read Male Sex Work and Society Online

Authors: Unknown

Tags: #Psychology/Human Sexuality, #Social Science/Gay Studies, #SOC012000, #PSY016000

Male Sex Work and Society (60 page)

BOOK: Male Sex Work and Society
5.23Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads
Hinsch, B. (1990).
Passions of the cut sleeve: The male homosexual tradition in China
. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jeffreys, E. (2007). Querying queer theory: Debating male-male prostitution in the Chinese media.
Critical Asian Studies, 39
(1), 151-175.
Joffe, H., & Dockrell, J. E. (1995). Safer sex: Lessons from the male sex industry.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 5
, 333-346.
Jones, R. (2005). Identity, community, and social practice among men who have sex with men in China. In M. Tam, H. B. Ku, & T. Kong (Eds.),
Rethinking and recasting citizenship: Social exclusion and marginality in Chinese societies
(pp. 149-166). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Centre for Social Policy Studies.
Kang, W. Q. (2009).
Obsession: Male same-sex relations in China, 1900-1950
(Queer Asia Series). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Kong, T. S. K. (2005a).
HIV/AIDS prevention programme on male sex workers in mainland China
. Unpublished report submitted to UNAIDS on behalf of Chi Heng Foundation.
Kong, T. S. K. (2005b).
The hidden voice: The sexual politics of Hong Kong male sex workers
. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Centre for Social Policy Studies.
Kong, T. S. K. (2008). Risk factors affecting condom use among male sex workers who serve men in China: A qualitative study.
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 84
, 444-448.
Kong, T. S. K. (2009). More than a sex machine: Accomplishing masculinity among Chinese male sex workers in the Hong Kong sex industry.
Deviant Behavior, 30
, 715-745.
Kong, T. S. K. (2010). Outcast bodies: Money, sex and desire of money boys in mainland China. In C. Yau (Ed.),
As normal as possible: Negotiating sexuality and gender in mainland China and Hong Kong
(pp. 17-35). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Kong, T. S. K. (2011a).
Chinese male homosexualities: Memba, tongzhi and golden boy
. London: Routledge.
Kong, T. S. K. (2011b). Transnational queer labour: The “circuits of desire” of money boys in China.
English Language Notes, 49
(1), 39-144.
Kong, T. S. K. (2012). Reinventing the self under socialism: Migrant male sex workers (“money boys”) in China.
Critical Asian Studies, 44
, 283-308.
Liu, H., Yang, H. M., Li, X. M., Wang, N., Liu, H. J., & Wang, B., et al. (2006). Men who have sex with men and human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease control in China.
Sex Transmitted Diseases, 33
(2), 68-76.
Louie, K. (2002).
Theorising Chinese masculinity: Society and gender in China
. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Louie, K. (2003). Chinese, Japanese and global masculine identities. In K. Louie & M. Low (Eds.),
Asian masculinities: The meaning and practice of manhood in China and Japan
(pp. 1-15). London: Routledge Curzon.
Ng, V. (1987). Ideology and sexuality: Rape laws in Qing China.
Journal of Asian Studies, 46
(1), 57-70.
Ng, V. (1989). Homosexuality and the state in late imperial China. In M. B. Duberman, M. Vicinus, & G. Chauncey (Eds.),
Hidden from history: Reclaiming the gay and lesbian past
(pp. 76-89). New York: Nal Books.
O’Brien, K. J., & Li, L. J. (2006).
Rightful resistance in rural China
. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Parker, R. G. (1999).
Beneath the equator: Cultures of desire, male homosexuality, and emerging gay communities in Brazil
. London: Routledge.
Pun, N. (2005).
Made in China: Women factory workers in a global workplace
. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Pun, N., & Lu, H. L. (2010). Unfinished proletarianization: Self, anger, and class action among the second generation of peasant-workers in present-day China.
Modern China, 36
, 493-519.
Reiss, A. J. (1961). The social integration of queers and peers.
Social Problems, 9
, 102-119.
Rofel, L. (2007).
Desiring China: Experiments in neoliberalism, sexuality, and public culture
. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Rofel, L. (2010). The traffic in money boys’ positions.
East Asia Cultures Critique, 18
, 425-458.
Ruan, F. F., & Tsai, Y. M. (1987). Male homosexuality in the traditional Chinese literature.
Journal of Homosexuality, 14
, 21-33.
Ruan, Y. H., Li, D. L., Li, X. X., Qian, H. Z., Shi, W., & Zhang, X. X., et al. (2007). Relationship between syphilis and HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34
, 592-597.
Samshasha. (1997).
Zhongguo tongxinglian shilu
[History of homosexuality in China]. Hong Kong: Rosa Winkel Press. Original work published 1984.
Sang, T. L. D. (1999). Translating homosexuality: The discourse of tongxing’ai in republican China. In L. H. Liu (Ed.),
Tokens of exchange: The problem of translation in global circulation
(pp. 276-304). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Scott, J. (2005).
How modern governments made prostitution a social problem: Creating a responsible prostitute population
. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.
Scott, J., Minichiello, V., Mario, R., Harvey, G., Jamieson, M., & Brown, J. (2005). Understanding the new context of the male sex industry.
Journal of International Violence, 20
, 320-342.
Solinger, D. (1999).
Contesting citizenship in urban China: Peasant migrants, the state, and the logic of the market
. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sommer, M. H. (1997). The penetrated male in late imperial China: Judicial constructions and social stigma.
Modern China, 23
, 140-180.
Song, G. (2004).
The fragile scholar: Power and masculinity in Chinese culture
. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Van Gulik, R. H. (1961).
Sexual life in ancient China: A preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D
. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
Wang, H. (2003).
China’s new order: Society, politics and economy in transition
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
West, D. J., & de Villiers, B. (1993).
Male prostitution
. London: Haworth Press.
Wong, F. L. (2010). Renovating the great floodgate: The reform of China’s hukou system. In M. K. Whyte (Ed.),
One country, two societies: Rural-urban inequality in contemporary China
(pp. 335-364). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wong, F. Y., Huang, Z. J., He, N., Smith, B. D., Gin, Y., & Fu, C., et al. (2008). HIV risks among gay- and non-gay-identified migrant boys in Shanghai, China.
AIDS Care, 20
, 170-180.
Zhang, B. C., & Chu, Q. S. (2005). MSM and HIV/AIDS in China.
Cell Research, 15
, 858-864.
Zhang, B. C., Liu, D. C., Li, X. F., & Hu, T. (2000). A survey of men who have sex with men: Mainland China.
American Journal of Public Health, 90
, 1949-1950.
Zhang, D., Bi, P., Lu, F., Tang, H., Zhang, J., & Hiller, J. E. (2007). Internet use and risk behaviours: An outline survey of visitors to three gay websites in China.
Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83
, 571-576.
Zhang, K. L., & Ma, S. J. (2002). Epidemiology of HIV in China: Intravenous drug users, sex workers, and large mobile population are high risk groups.
British Medical Journal, 324
, 803-804.
Zhang, Li, & Ong, A. (Eds.). (2008).
Privatizing China: Socialism from afar
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Endnotes
 
1
      See, for example, “Wangluo maiyin xianxiang shengwen: Jizhe wodi anfang ‘nanxing jiaoyi huisuo’” (“Online prostitution cases increasing: Undercover reporter probes ‘men’s exchange club’”), October 23, 2010, available at
http://big5.china.com.cn/info/men/2010-10/23/content_21183891.htm
; “Changchun jing xian nan anmoshi maiyin qunti da zhuo ‘nanzi huisuo’ qihao, tigong shangmen fuwu” (“Changchun discovered male masseur prostitute community shockingly provides door-to-door service in the name of ‘men’s club’”),
Hai xi wang
(
Straight News
), November 6, 2009; “Yangsheng huiguan cheng tongxing maiyin changsuo” (“Health maintenance club becomes same-sex brothel”),
Xinwen wanbao
(
Shanghai Evening Post
), June 4, 2008; “Qiangpo nanxing maiyin ‘yatou’ huo xing liu nian” (“Procurer sentenced to 6 years for coercing men to sell sex”),
Jiangnan dushi bao
(
Jian Nan City Daily
), March 6, 2005.
2
      Please see my similar discussion on Hong Kong male sex workers (Kong, 2005b, 2009).
3
      Triad is a very common underground society of organized criminals in China and Hong Kong, similar to the Italian Mafia.
Marxist and socialist political traditions have often acted as a counterweight to popular understandings of prostitution as a biological or social fact. Marxists have generally studied prostitution in terms of systems of production and related forms of labor and seldom have viewed it as a valid type of work. They instead associated prostitution with alienation, and of being an effect of moral decay or cultural collapse under particular social conditions. Marxists have argued that prostitution would cease to exist in a world free of economic, gender, and sexual exploitation, and thus the problem of prostitution would be solved with the resolution of more pressing political problems. This noted, while Marxists and others on the Left have had much to say about female sex work, they have had very little to say about male sex work
.
Male sex work has largely been undertheorized in the social sciences. One reason for this lack of attention seems to be the fact that most male sex work involves adult males and, as such, there is an assumed equality in the exchange, with power relations often ignored. The other issue is the cultural assumption that all sexual experiences involving men are positive and actively sought. Men are assumed to have agency in sexual matters and to make rational choices involving sexual conduct, whereas feminine sexuality is constructed as lacking agency. Therefore, it is easier to present female sex work as an inherently exploitative practice
.
Linda Niccolai indicates in this chapter that a highly diverse and growing market for the male sex industry is emerging in contemporary Russia. While the sex work market in Russia is clearly distinct from other regions, there are many parallels elsewhere, especially in terms of the structure and organization of sex work. While some of the chapters in this book provide distinct local examples of masculinity (for example, the chapters on Latin America and China), there are also indications that globalization has produced a greater tolerance and awareness of gendered difference, which has translated into legal reforms and increasing social tolerance toward male sex workers
.
BOOK: Male Sex Work and Society
5.23Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

Off Season (Off #6) by Sawyer Bennett
The Spirit Stone by Kerr, Katharine
HauntMe by Lena Loneson
It's Alive by S.L. Carpenter