Lincoln in the World (61 page)

57
. Hale,
Memories of a Hundred Years
, v. 2, p. 191; Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 69.

58
. Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, v. 2, pp. 80–82 (could spook aristocrats); Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 225 (Indian Mutiny); “Indian Mutiny,”
New Encylopaedia Britannica (Micropaedia
), v. 6, pp. 288–89; McClellan to Lincoln, July 7, 1862, ALP, LOC; and
ALAL
, v. 2, p. 320 (“conservative policy”); Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” Dec. 3, 1861,
CWL
, v. 5, p. 49 (“violent and remorseless”).

59
. Hale,
Memories of a Hundred Years
, v. 2, pp. 193–95; Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
, p. 51; Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 94; Donald,
Lincoln
, p. 346 (didn’t consult Seward).

60
. See, for example,
New York World
, Mar. 8, 1862, and
Providence Journal
, Mar. 8, 1862, both in
ALAL
, v. 2, p. 339; Lincoln to Greeley, Mar. 24, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, p. 169; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, p. 196 (
New York Tribune
and “thunderbolt”).

61
. Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, p. 32; Lincoln,
“Proclamation Revoking General Hunter’s Order of Military Emancipation,” May 19, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 222–23.

62
. [Hay,]
Missouri Republican
, Apr. 27, 1862, in Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist
, pp. 253–54; and [Hay,]
Missouri Republican
, May 23, 1862, in ibid., p. 265; Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, p. 33 (Sumner); Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 23; and
CWL
, v. 5, p. 325n1 (Congress adjourns).

63
. Lincoln, “Appeal to Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation,” July 12, 1862, CWL, v. 5, p. 318.

64
. Welles,
Diary
, v. 1, pp. 70–71.

65
. Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, p. 35; Jones,
Lincoln
, p. 109.

66
. Hay to Mary Jay, July 20, 1862, in Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side
, p. 23; Carpenter,
Inner Life
, pp. 21–22; Welles, “History of Emancipation,” pp. 844–45. See also Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. 117–18; Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. 39–43;
ALAL
, v. 2, pp. 362–64.

67
. Meeting notes, July 22, 1862, Stanton Papers, LOC (“break up our relations”); Carpenter,
Inner Life
, pp. 21–22; Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 123; Wert, Jeffry D., “Seven Days’ Campaign, Va.,”
Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War
, Faust, ed., pp. 667–68. See also “Peninsula Campaign,” in ibid., p. 571 (size of McClellan’s force, etc.).

68
. Seward,
Seward at Washington
,
1861–1872
, p. 118.

69
. Gasparin to Lincoln, July 18, 1862, ALP, LOC; Lincoln to Gasparin, Aug. 4, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 355–56.

70
. Tappan to Lincoln, Nov. 22, 1862; Dahlgren to Lincoln, Jun. 12, 1862. Both letters in ALP, LOC. I have slightly altered the punctuation in the Dahlgren letter for clarity.

71
. Hale,
Horace Greeley
, p. 260 (“Hell”); Phillips,
Speeches
,
Lectures
,
and Letters
, pp. 450, 457; Laugel,
Diary
, entry for Sept. 13, 1864, reprinted in
The Nation
, v. 75, no. 1933, p. 48; Hofstadter,
American Political Tradition
, p. 165. See also
ALAL
, v. 2, pp. 397, 400, 638.

72
. Marx, “A Criticism of American Affairs,”
Die Presse
, Aug. 9, 1862, in
MAC
, pp. 210–12; Marx to Engels, Aug. 7, 1862, and Marx to Engels, Sept. 10, 1862, both in ibid., pp. 260–61.

73
. Undated clipping, Nicolay Papers, LOC, quoted in RW, p. 269.

74
. Lincoln to Greeley, Aug. 22, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 388–89. The excerpts from Greeley’s original letter are included in the annotation to this entry.

75
. My thinking about Lincoln’s response to Greeley’s “Prayer” was influenced by a conversation over dinner in Springfield with the current dean of Lincoln scholars, Michael Burlingame. I am indebted to Professor Burlingame for generously sharing his thoughts on the subject. See also Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, pp. 41–43;
ALAL
, v. 2, p. 403; and Foner,
Fiery Trial
, p. 229.

76
. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, pp. 528–33 (2nd Bull Run); Rice, ed.,
Reminiscences
, p. 124.

77
. [Hay,]
Missouri Republican
, Sept. 5,
1862, in Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist
, pp. 299–302 (“gloomier city”); Hay,
Diary
, p. 38, entry for Sept. 1, 1862 (“whipped again”); Bates postscript on Edwin M. Stanton, Salmon P. Chase, Caleb B. Smith, and Edward Bates to Lincoln, Sept. 2, 1862, ALP, LOC.

78
. The best figures on French and British cotton supplies are in Jones,
Blue and Gray Diplomacy
, pp. 77 (two hundred thousand Frenchmen etc.), 163 (crisis levels), and 208 (three quarters). See also Foner,
British Labor and the American Civil War
, pp. 5 (three quarters), 8, and 47 (
New York Times
, Sept. 12, 1862); Adams to Seward, no. 221, Sept. 12, 1862,
FRUS 1862
, pp. 189–90; Adams to Seward, no. 225, Sept. 25, 1862, ibid., pp. 198–99.

79
. Palmerston to Russell, Sept. 14, 1862, and Sept. 23, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA; Walpole,
Life of Lord John Russell
, v. 2, pp. 360–61; Bancroft, v. 2, p. 304.

80
. [Hay,]
Missouri Republican
, Sept. 11, 1862, in Burlingame,
Lincoln’s Journalist
, pp. 305–7.

81
. Lincoln, “Reply to Emancipation Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations,” Sept. 13, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 419–25.

82
. Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 46 (fourteen-hour, etc.); Lamon,
Recollections
, p. 289; McClellan quoted in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 545 (“masterpiece”); Seward to Adams, [Circular,] Sept. 22, 1862,
FRUS 1862
, p. 195.

83
. Jones,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 109; Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, v. 2, p. 41 (carefully awaiting); Palmerston to Russell, Sept. 30, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA (“like bulldogs”); Palmerston to Russell, Oct. 2, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA (“full of difficulty”); Palmerston to Russell, Oct. 8, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA (“fresh wind”); Palmerston to Russell, Oct. 22, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA (“decided turn”). Allen Guelzo argues that as a tool of foreign relations, emancipation was the “worst method … at the worst time.” (Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 9.)

84
. Marx to Engels, Oct. 29, 1962, in
MAC
, pp. 262–63 (“decisive”); Marx, “On Events in North America,” Oct. 12, 1862,
Die Presse
, in ibid., pp. 220–23 (“campaign in Maryland” and “reason does conquer”); Marx and Engels, “The Situation in the American Theater of War,” May 30, 1862,
Die Presse
, in ibid., p. 200; Marx to Engels, Aug. 7, 1862, and Marx to Engels, Sept. 10, 1862, in ibid., pp. 260–61 (assures Engels). See also ibid., p. xxv.

85
. Chase,
Diary
, Donald, ed., entry for Sept. 22, 1862, pp. 149–53; Welles,
Diary
, v. 1, entry for Sept. 22, 1862, pp. 142–45. See also Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. ix–x.

86
. Hay,
Diary
, pp. 40
–
41, entries for [mid-Sept. 1862?] and [Sept. 24, 1862]; Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 58 (Seward sent copies); Seward to Charles Francis Adams, Sept. 26, 1862, no. 359, Diplomatic Instructions (Great Britain), NARA (“The interests of humanity”); Seward,
Seward at Washington
,
1861–1872
, p. 135; Bancroft, v. 2, p. 338; Hay,
Diary
, p. 40 (“confused”); McClintock sermon, in
Voices from the Pulpit
, p. 136, cited in
RW, p. 314 (serious doubts). See also Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, v. 2, p. 100.

87
.
New York Tribune
, Sept. 23 and 24, 1862, quoted in Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 62;
Missouri Republican
, Sept. 29, 1862, in Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist
, p. 312; Lincoln, “Reply to a Serenade in Honor of the Emancipation Proclamation,” Sept. 24, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, p. 438.

88
. Everett diary, entries for Sept. 21–25, 1862, Everett Papers; Everett to Adams, Sept. 30, 1862, in Frothingham,
Edward Everett
, pp. 445–48.

89
. London
Post
, Oct. 8, 1862, quoted in Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 71 (“trash”); London
Times
, Oct. 7, 1862, in Mitgang,
Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait
, pp. 320–22 (“a Chinaman”); Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, v. 2, p. 103 (
Blackwood’s
). See also Jones,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 116.

90
. Newman Hall, “An Interview with Robert T. Lincoln,”
The Broadway: A London Magazine
, [Sept. 1867,] copy in Ruth Randall Papers, LOC.

91
. Dana to Seward, Sept. 23, 1862, ALP, LOC; Carpenter,
Inner Life
, p. 84;
ALAL
, v. 2, pp. 417, 462–63.

92
. Marx to Engels, Oct. 29, 1862, in MAC, pp. 262–63.

93
. Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” Aug. 14, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 370–72 (“better for us both”); Ninian W. Edwards to Lincoln, Aug. 9, 1861, ALP, LOC (Edwards report); Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln
, p. 151 (shelved after Welles’s opposition and modern-day Colombia).

94
. Chase,
Diary
, Donald, ed., entry for Sept. 24, 1862, p. 156; Seward,
Seward at Washington
,
1861–1872
, p. 227 (“taking any out”); Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” Dec. 1, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, p. 534 (“favor colonization”). See also Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln
, pp. 136, 158–59 (Baker comment, canvassing the powers, constitutional amendment).

95
. Sumner to Lincoln, Oct. 11, 1862, ALP, LOC; R. C. Wyllie to Thomas J. Dryer, July 27, 1861,
FRUS 1861
, p. 434; David L. Gregg to Lincoln, Jan. 24, 1863, ALP, LOC; Lincoln, “Memorandum Concerning Sandwich Islands,” Jan. 9, 1863,
CWL
, v. 6, p. 51n1; Seward to Lincoln, Jan. 21, 1863, ALP, LOC.

96
. Hay,
Diary
, entry for Nov. 13, 1861, p. 32 (barely protested); McClellan to his wife, Nov. 17, 1861, in Sears, ed.,
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, p. 135, cited in Burlingame,
Inner World
, p. 182 (“original gorilla”); Welles,
Diary
, v. 1, p. 118, entry for Sept. 8, 1862 (“slows”); McClellan to his wife, Sept. 25, 1862, McClellan Papers, LOC, cited in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 559 (complained to his wife); McClellan to Lincoln, July 7, 1862, ALP, LOC (alienate European decision makers); Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. 168–69 (dismissed McClellan day after election); Marx, “The Removal of McClellan,”
Die Presse
, Nov. 29, 1862, in
MAC
, p. 233 (“mediocrity”); Marx, “A Criticism of American Affairs,”
Die Presse
, Aug. 9, 1862, in ibid., p. 212 (“waging of war”).

97
. Palmerston to Russell, Oct. 22, 1862, Russell Papers, BNA (“decided
turn”). The most distinguished treatment of the autumn 1862 intervention crisis is in Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom
(Lincoln, 1999). For the Gladstone and Palmerston quotes see also pp. 122 (“made a nation”), 124 (“not far wrong”), 130 (“lookers-on”).

98
. William Henry Wadsworth to S. L. M. Barlow, Dec. 16, 1862, Barlow Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., quoted in McPherson,
Tried by War
, p. 145; Donald,
Lincoln
, p. 425 (emboldened).

99
. Sumner quoted in Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
, p. 97 (“argument, persuasion”; the brackets are Donald’s);
New York Tribune
, Dec. 12, 1862, quoted in Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
, p. 107.

100
. Seward to Dayton, Dec. 1, 1862,
FRUS 1863
, v. 1, pp. 638–39; and Seward to James Shepherd Pike, Dec. 23, 1862,
FRUS 1863
, v. 2, p. 802. See also Mahin, p. 139.

101
. Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. 179–80 (“judgment of mankind”); Sumner to Livermore, Jan. 9, 1863, in Livermore, “Emancipation Pen,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
(Apr. 1911), p. 597. Howard Jones, in his introduction to the Bison Books edition of Jay Monaghan’s classic volume on Lincoln and foreign relations,
A Diplomat in Carpet Slippers
, notes that Lincoln “kept the administration’s focus on the national interest while covering foreign policy with a veneer of idealism and morality.” Elsewhere Jones notes that Lincoln “personified a balanced combination of idealist and realist who recognized the preeminence of slavery in the war but exercised great caution in making it the central issue.” (Jones, “Introduction,” in Monaghan, pp. ix–x.) See also Jones,
Blue and Gray Diplomacy
, p. 189: “Ideal and reality had meshed in shaping Lincoln’s decision, combining his longtime animosity toward slavery with the Union’s misfortunes on the battlefield to formulate a new policy that initially drew little support.”