Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (59 page)

4
Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, pp. 271–2.

5
Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade
, pp. 252–3 (4 and 16 August).

6
Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941
, pp. 47–8; Ivan Andreyenko, deputy chairman of the wartime Leningrad City Soviet, quoted in Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 122.

7
Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 51–2.

8
Yelena Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader
, p. 7 (June 26 1941).

9
Yelena Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 35 (2 July 1941).

10
Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript, held by the diarist’s family.

11
Georgi Knyazev, 17 July 1941, in Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 246.

12
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, pp. 250–52.

13
Order to district Party secretaries, 11 August 1941. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 22, delo 1644, p. 41.

14
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 17–18 (2 August 1941).

15
Nina Malakova, in Michael Jones,
Leningrad: State of Siege
, p. 98. Jones interviewed survivors of the Lychkovo bombing in 2007.

16
Mariya Motovskaya, in Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 247.

17
Ibid., pp. 248–9. Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, p. 218.

18
William Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II
, p. 34.

19
Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.

20
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, p. 10.

21
Ibid., p. 24; Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 227.

22
Sidney Monas and Jennifer Greene Krupala, eds,
The Diaries of Nikolay Punin, 1904
–
53
, pp. 182–3.
Notes to Pages 102–116

23
Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, pp. 107–8.

24
Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941
, p. 47.

25
Aleksandr Barbovsky, 30 August 1941. RGALI: Fond 2733, op. 1, yed. khr. 872, pp. 15–16.

26
The commission’s visit is hard to date exactly. Salisbury infers from Admiral Kuznetsov’s memoirs that it set out on 27 August and arrived on the 28th. However, Stalin ordered the mission on the 21st, included Molotov among the addressees of a communication of 27 August and ordered its return on 29 August, suggesting that it arrived several days earlier.

27
RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 27.

28
Ibid., p. 35.

29
Ibid., p. 39.

30
Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
, p. 627.

31
Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 4, p. 29.

32
Lyubov Shaporina, 4 September 1941, in Simmons and Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege
, p. 22.

33
Olga Berggolts, 2 September 1941;
Zvezda
,
3, April 1991, p. 128.

34
TsAMO: Fond 148a, op. 3763, delo 97, p. 29.

35
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, p. 23 (23 August 1941).

36
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 269.

Part 2. The Siege Begins: September–December 1941

Chapter 6: ‘No Sentimentality’

1
Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, eds,
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell
, vol. 2,
My Country Right or Left
, London, 1970, p. 460.

2
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War
, pp. 467–8.

3
RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 49.

4
The exact date of Zhukov’s arrival in Leningrad has only recently been firmly established. Though in practice he took over command immediately on arrival, the relevant Stavka order was not formally issued until 11 September.

5
The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov
, London, 1971, pp. 300, 314–16.

6
Viktor Anfilov,
Zhukov
, in Harold Shukman, ed.,
Stalin’s Generals
, p. 350; David Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941
–
1944
, p. 78.

7
V. F. Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, in
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 8.

8
Anna Zelenova,
Stati, vospominaniya, pisma: Pavlovsky dvorets, istoriya i sudba
, pp. 83–90. See also Susan Massie,
Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace
, pp. 195–202.
Notes to Pages 118–135

9
Lidiya Osipova, ‘Iz dnevnika o zhizni v prigorodakh Leningrada’, in Lomagin, ed,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, p. 441. The full diary is held by the Hoover Institution.

10
Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky,
Iz dnevnikov blokanikh let
(typescript), pp. 9–10; RGALI: Fond 1817, op. 2, yed. khr. 185.

11
Konstantin Plotkin,
Kholokost u sten Leningrada
, pp. 33–56.

12
Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad
,
pp. 81–2.

13
Dmitri Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941: The Blockade
, p. 21.

14
G. F. Krivosheyev, ed.,
Rossiya i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyonnykh sil
, p. 271; Evan Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945
, pp. 86–7.

15
Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942
, pp. 487, 498–500 (26 July and 6, 7 August 1941).

16
Ibid., pp. 511, 514–15 (18 and 22 August 1941).

17
See Führer Directive no. 35, 6 September 1941.

18
Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary
, 18 September 1941, p. 536.

19
Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: RM7/1014. Given in
Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941–1944
, p. 310.

20
Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Hitler’s
Table Talk,
1941–44
, pp. 39–40.

21
Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary
, p. 458.

22
Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: RW4/v. 578, bl. 144–146. Given in
Verbrechen
der Wehrmacht
, pp. 312–14.

23
Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: RM7/1014, bl. 39–41. Given in
Verbrechen der Wehrmacht
, pp. 315–17.

24
Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Table Talk
, p. 44.

25
‘The Führer’s Decision on Leningrad’, transmitted by naval command to Army Group North, 29 September 1941.
Tagebuch der Seekriegsleitung
, quoted in Max Domarus,
Hitler Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945
, vol. 4, Mundelein, 2000, p. 1755.

26
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb,
Tagebuchaufzeichnungen und Lagebeurteilungen aus zwei Weltkriegen
, Stuttgart, 1976, p. 373 (12 October 1941), in
Verbrechen der Wehrmacht
,
p. 318.

27
Army Group North war diary 27 October 1941,
Verbrechen der Wehrmacht
,
p. 12.
Notes to Pages 136–150

28
Führer Directive no. 35, 6 September 1941. In Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Hitler’s War Directives, 1938–1945
.

29
Michael Jones,
Leningrad: State of Siege
, p. 33.

30
For more on Halder’s post-war career see Ronald Smelser and Edward Davies,
The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture
.

Chapter 7: ‘To Our Last Heartbeat’

1
Lyubov Shaporina, 8 September 1941, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, p. 23.

2
MPVO report of 9 September 1941, in Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, p. 364.

3
The first artillery shells reached the suburbs on 4 September, and the first bomb on the 6th, unnoticed by most Leningraders. The date of the first full-scale raid was 8 September.

4
Nikolai Sokolov, ‘Tyoplaya vanna dlya begemota: zoosad v gody voiny’,
Rodina
, 1, 2003, p. 153.

5
Olga Berggolts, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Zvezda
, 4, April 1991, p. 130 (8–9 September 1941).

6
Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 101–2.

7
Unpublished manuscript, in possession of the diarist’s family.

8
Vladimir Garshin, ‘Tam, gde smert pomogayet zhizni’,
Arkhiv Patologii
, vol. 46, no. 5, 1984, p. 84.

9
Berggolts, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Zvezda
, 4, April 1991, p. 131 (12 September 1941).

10
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, p. 24.

11
Vera Inber,
The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 23–4, 27 (20 and 26 September 1941).

12
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1; pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, pp. 227–31.

13
Harrison Salisbury,
The
900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 304, 336.

14
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 27, pp. 2–4.

15
Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, p. 282.

16
Stanislav Bernev and Nikita Lomagin, eds,
Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: Plan ‘D’
. The book contains facsimiles of relevant documents from the FSB archive.

17
Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 99.

18
For the dismissal of A. P. Rovinsky of the Red Chemist plant, see RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 22, delo 1643, p. 97. For that of A. I. Volkov, director of the ‘Forward’ plant, see ibid., p. 101.
Notes to Pages 150–160

19
RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1137, p. 68.

20
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 26, delo 5760.

21
Inber,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 19 (16 September 1941).

22
Nikita Lomagin,
Soldiers at War: German Propaganda and Soviet Army Morale during the Battle of Leningrad 1941–44
, Carl Beck Papers, 1306, p. 14.

23
Irina Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii v period blokady Leningrada’,
Vestnik ‘Memoriala’
4/5 (10/11), 1995, p. 102.

24
Richard Bidlack, ‘The Political Mood in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’,
The
Russian Review
, 59 (January 2000), pp. 102–3.

25
For a vivid description of Moscow’s
bolshoi drap
, see Rodric Braithwaite,
Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War
, pp. 244–55.

26
Salisbury,
900 Days
, p. 352, and Michael Jones,
Leningrad: State of Siege
, p. 135.