Justice for All (109 page)
Authors: Jim Newton
CHAPTER 8. “THE BEST PEOPLE OF CALIFORNIA”
CHAPTER 9. VICTORY
3
Author interviews with Earl Warren, Jr., and Robert Warren.
Author interviews with Earl Warren, Jr., and Robert Warren.
4
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
6
Interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Feb. 19, 2004.
Interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Feb. 19, 2004.
10
Ibid., p. 138.
Ibid., p. 138.
11
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
12
See National Archives letter to Amelia Fry, Earl Warren Oral History Project, Nov. 30, 1971, contained in
Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed
, vol. 1,
Exodus
.
See National Archives letter to Amelia Fry, Earl Warren Oral History Project, Nov. 30, 1971, contained in
Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed
, vol. 1,
Exodus
.
16
Sacramento Bee
, Jan. 5, 1942 (excerpted in Lawson Fusao Inada, ed.,
Only What We Could Carry
, p. 15).
Sacramento Bee
, Jan. 5, 1942 (excerpted in Lawson Fusao Inada, ed.,
Only What We Could Carry
, p. 15).
21
Los Angeles Times
, Jan. 25, 1942. The
Times
ran the full text of the report in its Sunday paper that morning.
Los Angeles Times
, Jan. 25, 1942. The
Times
ran the full text of the report in its Sunday paper that morning.
23
Los Angeles Times
, Jan. 29, 1942. Brackets indicate language that was printed in McLemore's column in other papers but edited from it in the
Times
.
Los Angeles Times
, Jan. 29, 1942. Brackets indicate language that was printed in McLemore's column in other papers but edited from it in the
Times
.
24
Associated Press report, Jan. 28, 1942.
Associated Press report, Jan. 28, 1942.
26
Ibid., p. 125.
Ibid., p. 125.
28
Oral history interview with Herbert Wenig,
Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed
, p. 10; also oral history interview with Warren Olney III,
Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era
, pp. 223-25.
Oral history interview with Herbert Wenig,
Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed
, p. 10; also oral history interview with Warren Olney III,
Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era
, pp. 223-25.
30
Arlington National Cemetery records, entries for John DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Jr., and Wallace DeWitt.
Arlington National Cemetery records, entries for John DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Calvin DeWitt, Jr., and Wallace DeWitt.
33
Stetson Conn, “The Decision of Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (included in
Command Decisions
, p. 91).
Stetson Conn, “The Decision of Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (included in
Command Decisions
, p. 91).
38
Conn, “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (
Command Decisions
, p. 95). It is not clear from DeWitt's retelling of the conversation whether that characterization was his or Olson's. In either case, DeWitt adopted it after speaking with Olson.
Conn, “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the West Coast” (
Command Decisions
, p. 95). It is not clear from DeWitt's retelling of the conversation whether that characterization was his or Olson's. In either case, DeWitt adopted it after speaking with Olson.
39
Greg Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 97. In keeping with DeWitt's tendency to vacillate, even as he told Defense Department officials that he favored the evacuation he reported to the FBI that he supported removal of only male Japanese from the restricted areas. San Francisco Special Agent in Charge to Hoover, Feb. 3, 1942, FBI document number 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
Greg Robinson,
By Order of the President
, p. 97. In keeping with DeWitt's tendency to vacillate, even as he told Defense Department officials that he favored the evacuation he reported to the FBI that he supported removal of only male Japanese from the restricted areas. San Francisco Special Agent in Charge to Hoover, Feb. 3, 1942, FBI document number 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
40
Associated Press report, Jan. 30, 1942. The
Los Angeles Times
, on January 31, rendered this comment in slightly different words, though substantively the remarks were identical.
Associated Press report, Jan. 30, 1942. The
Los Angeles Times
, on January 31, rendered this comment in slightly different words, though substantively the remarks were identical.
44
Ibid.
Ibid.
45
FBI report 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
FBI report 62-65880-14x, Charns, Warren file, Folder 85.
46
Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, report prepared by the Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association and submitted to Warren's office, p. 11002.
Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, report prepared by the Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association and submitted to Warren's office, p. 11002.
47
Carey McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 87; also p. 127. In testimony before the Tolan Committee, some agricultural representatives estimated the Japanese significance in these markets more modestly, but their testimony seems suspect, as their mission was to convince the committee that exclusion would not much affect California's agricultural output.
Carey McWilliams,
Prejudice
, p. 87; also p. 127. In testimony before the Tolan Committee, some agricultural representatives estimated the Japanese significance in these markets more modestly, but their testimony seems suspect, as their mission was to convince the committee that exclusion would not much affect California's agricultural output.
49
Associated Press report, Jan. 22, 1942.
Associated Press report, Jan. 22, 1942.
51
The Associated Farmers courted Warren through the early years of his attorney general service, inviting him to speak at their annual conference a year before Pearl Harbor. When he accepted, the organization billed the speech as a major address by a friend who shared the association's antagonism toward Olson. Warren, the announcement read, “is widely known for his leadership in fighting subversive activities. He has become nationally known as a fighter for law and order and clean government. Recently, he led the protest against the announced intention of Governor Olson to pardon the three communists who committed the brutal murder in the infamous Point Lobos case.” Associated Farmer newsletter, Nov. 25, 1940.
The Associated Farmers courted Warren through the early years of his attorney general service, inviting him to speak at their annual conference a year before Pearl Harbor. When he accepted, the organization billed the speech as a major address by a friend who shared the association's antagonism toward Olson. Warren, the announcement read, “is widely known for his leadership in fighting subversive activities. He has become nationally known as a fighter for law and order and clean government. Recently, he led the protest against the announced intention of Governor Olson to pardon the three communists who committed the brutal murder in the infamous Point Lobos case.” Associated Farmer newsletter, Nov. 25, 1940.
52
Warren speech to Associated Farmers, Dec. 2, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, Associated Farmers file.
Warren speech to Associated Farmers, Dec. 2, 1940, state archives, attorney general papers, Associated Farmers file.
53
Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, Feb. 21, 1942, p. 10973 (Exhibit A).
Warren testimony to Tolan Committee, Feb. 21, 1942, p. 10973 (Exhibit A).
54
Ibid., p. 10974 (Exhibit A).
Ibid., p. 10974 (Exhibit A).
58
Biddle memo to FDR, Feb. 17, 1942, excerpted in Daniels,
The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans
, p. 49.
Biddle memo to FDR, Feb. 17, 1942, excerpted in Daniels,
The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans
, p. 49.
60
Ibid., p. 97.
Ibid., p. 97.
62
Warren Olney to John H. Keith, Feb. 3, 1942. Letter is contained in collection on preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, BL.
Warren Olney to John H. Keith, Feb. 3, 1942. Letter is contained in collection on preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, BL.
64
Ibid., p. 34 (from DeWitt's Final Recommendation of the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Submitted to the Secretary of War, Feb. 14, 1942).
Ibid., p. 34 (from DeWitt's Final Recommendation of the Commanding General, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Submitted to the Secretary of War, Feb. 14, 1942).
65
Warren testimony, p. 11009.
Warren testimony, p. 11009.
66
Ibid., p. 11012.
Ibid., p. 11012.
67
Ibid., p. 11011-12.
Ibid., p. 11011-12.
68
Halbert memo to Warren Olney, preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, Feb. 18, 1942, Olney-Warren correspondence folder, BL.
Halbert memo to Warren Olney, preevacuation location of Japanese-Americans, Feb. 18, 1942, Olney-Warren correspondence folder, BL.
69
Warren testimony, p. 11015.
Warren testimony, p. 11015.
70
Ibid., p. 11014.
Ibid., p. 11014.
72
Nellie Wang Balch and Donald Cruz, “Topaz: A Remembrance” (unpublished research paper), UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Topaz file.
Nellie Wang Balch and Donald Cruz, “Topaz: A Remembrance” (unpublished research paper), UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Topaz file.
73
Lawson Fusao Inada, ed.,
Only What We Could Carry
(testimony of Elaine Black Yoneda to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1981), pp. 154-72.
Lawson Fusao Inada, ed.,
Only What We Could Carry
(testimony of Elaine Black Yoneda to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 1981), pp. 154-72.
77
Undated notes from Pearson interviews with Warren during a 1967 trip to Hawaii, Pearson papers, LBJ Library. This note can be dated to 1967, as it is written on the stationery of the Hotel Hana-Maui, where the Pearsons and Warrens stayed on their trip that summer.
Undated notes from Pearson interviews with Warren during a 1967 trip to Hawaii, Pearson papers, LBJ Library. This note can be dated to 1967, as it is written on the stationery of the Hotel Hana-Maui, where the Pearsons and Warrens stayed on their trip that summer.
79
Jerry Enomoto letter to Warren, May 18, 1969, UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Warren file.
Jerry Enomoto letter to Warren, May 18, 1969, UCLA special collections, Edison Uno papers, Warren file.
81
Ibid.
Ibid.
82
Author interview with Jesse Choper, Sept. 9, 2003.
Author interview with Jesse Choper, Sept. 9, 2003.
85
Ibid., p. 149.
Ibid., p. 149.
86
Oral history interview with Warren Olney III,
Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era
, p. 235.
Oral history interview with Warren Olney III,
Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era
, p. 235.
88
Warren letter to Jeffrey Warren, March 31, 1968, private collection.
Warren letter to Jeffrey Warren, March 31, 1968, private collection.
1
Warren speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1943, state archives, gubernatorial papers, Speeches, Alpha File “C.”
Warren speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1943, state archives, gubernatorial papers, Speeches, Alpha File “C.”
2
Copy of proclamation in state archives, attorney general papers, civil defense file. Also included is Warren staff analysis concluding that the proclamation was unconstitutional.
Copy of proclamation in state archives, attorney general papers, civil defense file. Also included is Warren staff analysis concluding that the proclamation was unconstitutional.
3
Oral history interview with Warren,
Conversations with Earl Warren on California Government
, p. 103.
Oral history interview with Warren,
Conversations with Earl Warren on California Government
, p. 103.
4
See, for instance, Sweigert memo to Warren, Dec. 19, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, civil defense file.
See, for instance, Sweigert memo to Warren, Dec. 19, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, civil defense file.
5
Oral history interview with Richard Perrin Graves,
Theoretician, Advocate and Candidate in California State Government
, p. 69.
Oral history interview with Richard Perrin Graves,
Theoretician, Advocate and Candidate in California State Government
, p. 69.
6
Ibid., p. 70.
Ibid., p. 70.
8
Olson letter to DeWitt, Feb. 10, 1942, BL, Olson papers, DeWitt correspondence file.
Olson letter to DeWitt, Feb. 10, 1942, BL, Olson papers, DeWitt correspondence file.
9
Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004.
Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004.
11
Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004. The other children all echo this observation.
Author interview with Virginia Warren, May 31, 2004. The other children all echo this observation.
13
Author interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Nov. 24, 2003.
Author interview with Earl Warren, Jr., Nov. 24, 2003.
15
Appointment book for 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, daily calendars file.
Appointment book for 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, daily calendars file.
16
Knowland letter to Warren, Sept. 26, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, William Knowland file, 1941-1953.
Knowland letter to Warren, Sept. 26, 1941, state archives, attorney general papers, William Knowland file, 1941-1953.
17
Oral history interview with William Knowland,
Earl Warren's Campaigns
, vol. 2 (this comment from the appended interview with James Bassett included in that volume).
Oral history interview with William Knowland,
Earl Warren's Campaigns
, vol. 2 (this comment from the appended interview with James Bassett included in that volume).
18
See Knowland letters to Warren in March 1942, state archives, Warren personal papers, William Knowland file, 1941-53.
See Knowland letters to Warren in March 1942, state archives, Warren personal papers, William Knowland file, 1941-53.
20
Appointment book, entry for April 4, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Warren calendars file.
Appointment book, entry for April 4, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Warren calendars file.
22
Ibid.
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
Ibid.
24
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
Author interview with Robert Warren, March 12, 2004.
26
Curiously, Warren misremembered this date in his memoirs, saying he announced on April 10. Newspapers from the period make clear, however, that the actual date was April 9.
Curiously, Warren misremembered this date in his memoirs, saying he announced on April 10. Newspapers from the period make clear, however, that the actual date was April 9.
29
Sweigert, for instance, compiled an extensive memorandum on Olson and how best to challenge his record. The memo was shared with Whitaker and Baxter, and many of its points were made part of the campaign.
Sweigert, for instance, compiled an extensive memorandum on Olson and how best to challenge his record. The memo was shared with Whitaker and Baxter, and many of its points were made part of the campaign.
30
Warren daily schedule, April 14, 1942, state archives, attorney general files.
Warren daily schedule, April 14, 1942, state archives, attorney general files.
33
Small,
The Country Editor and Earl Warren
, p. 234. The episode described here occurred after Warren was elected, but Small presents it as one of many in which Warren was rough on staff members.
Small,
The Country Editor and Earl Warren
, p. 234. The episode described here occurred after Warren was elected, but Small presents it as one of many in which Warren was rough on staff members.
34
Ibid.
Ibid.
36
Oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
, p. 126.
Oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
, p. 126.
38
Oral history interview with Leone Baxter, part of an incomplete oral history transcript, p. 72, BL (interviewed June 23, 1972).
Oral history interview with Leone Baxter, part of an incomplete oral history transcript, p. 72, BL (interviewed June 23, 1972).
39
Oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
, pp. 52-53.
Oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
, pp. 52-53.
40
Ibid., p. 43.
Ibid., p. 43.
41
Sweigert memo to Warren, originally written sometime in the late spring or early summer 1942, revised at least once as of Aug. 11, 1942, contained as Appendix to oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
.
Sweigert memo to Warren, originally written sometime in the late spring or early summer 1942, revised at least once as of Aug. 11, 1942, contained as Appendix to oral history interview with William T. Sweigert, Sr.,
Administration and Ethics in the Governor's Office and the Courts, California, 1939-1975
.
42
Speech to Council of Republican Women of Visalia, June 17, 1942, state archives, attorney general files, speeches file.
Speech to Council of Republican Women of Visalia, June 17, 1942, state archives, attorney general files, speeches file.
45
Warren pension address to Eagles Convention, Sacramento, June 21, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
Warren pension address to Eagles Convention, Sacramento, June 21, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
46
Radio address delivered in Oakland and broadcast statewide on Aug. 24, 1942, at 7:15 P.M., state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
Radio address delivered in Oakland and broadcast statewide on Aug. 24, 1942, at 7:15 P.M., state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
47
Undated address on education, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
Undated address on education, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
48
Stockton Independence Day address, July 3, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
Stockton Independence Day address, July 3, 1942, state archives, attorney general papers, Speeches file.
49
California Indicts Governor Olson, The Truth About California's Home Defense
, private collection of Stanley Mosk, held by Judge Richard Mosk.
California Indicts Governor Olson, The Truth About California's Home Defense
, private collection of Stanley Mosk, held by Judge Richard Mosk.
50
Whitaker letter to Charles Blyth, Aug. 12, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Campaign Issues file.
Whitaker letter to Charles Blyth, Aug. 12, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Campaign Issues file.
51
Whitaker telegram to Palmer, Aug. 10, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Surveys file.
Whitaker telegram to Palmer, Aug. 10, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Surveys file.
52
Palmer telegram to Whitaker, Aug. 12, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Surveys file.
Palmer telegram to Whitaker, Aug. 12, 1942, state archives, Whitaker and Baxter papers, Surveys file.
53
Warren letter to Knowland, Sept. 4, 1942, state archives, Warren personal papers, William Knowland file, 1941-53.
Warren letter to Knowland, Sept. 4, 1942, state archives, Warren personal papers, William Knowland file, 1941-53.
59
Ibid., p. 158.
Ibid., p. 158.
61
Oral history interview of Leone Baxter, BL (incomplete transcript on file), p. 76.
Oral history interview of Leone Baxter, BL (incomplete transcript on file), p. 76.
63
Ibid., p. 165. The misspelling was Warren's own, as is reflected in the unedited copy of his manuscript, on file at the Bancroft Library.
Ibid., p. 165. The misspelling was Warren's own, as is reflected in the unedited copy of his manuscript, on file at the Bancroft Library.
64
Warren speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1943, state archives, gubernatorial papers, Speeches, Alpha File “C.”
Warren speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1943, state archives, gubernatorial papers, Speeches, Alpha File “C.”
66
Warren daily schedule, Nov. 5, 1942, state archives, attorney general files.
Warren daily schedule, Nov. 5, 1942, state archives, attorney general files.
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