Jerusalem: The Biography (92 page)

Description and aesthetics of the Dome: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
52–116. On services based on Jewish Temple, quote on Temple rebuilt, Koran as Torah: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
108–112, including Umayyad ritual from al-Wasiti,
Fadail Bayt al-Muqaddas
112. Building the Dome. Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
4–9 and 98–100; character 76–94; milestones around Ilya 113–12. On aim to overshadow Church of Sepulchre see al-Muqaddasi,
A Description of Syria Including Palestine
(henceforth Muqaddasi) 22–3.

Caliph Omar ibn Abd al-Malik 717–20: Frenkel,
Sacred Esplanade
346–8. Jews dream of rebuilding Temple and granted acccess – Salman ben Yeruham quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
193, and Isaac ben Joseph at 191–2. Jewish attendants of Dome: Mujir 55–7. Jews and Temple: Sebeos quoted in Stroumsa,
Sacred Esplanade
321–33 especially 329–30. Traces of building, seventh century, Persian or early Islamic: Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
99. Mosque: Arculf, St Adamnan,
Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land
1.1–23.

Eating a banana; Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 190 quoting Ibn Asakir’s
fadail
. Caliph Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik in Jerusalem/
bayah
/plan to make it imperial capital/ Jewish attendants in Dome: Mujir 56–8. The Dome: Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
109–11. Peters,
Jerusalem
197. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 174. Jewish attendants, other buildings: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 175–80. Byzantine influences on Dome: Herrin 90. Shanks 9–31.

On importance of Holy Land, Jerusalem and Aqsa: Mustafa Abu Sway,
Sacred Esplanade
335–43.

6
Umayyad Jerusalem. Al-Aqsa – Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
117–22; Aphrodito papyri 12; Umayyad caliphs in Jerusalem, Sulayman and Umar 111; palaces to south of Temple Mount 107–10; the Haram Double and Triple Gates/Gate of Prophet and possibly Golden Gate 122–8 and 152–8; four major domes 158; sceptical that the new Umayyad public buildings south of Temple Mount are necessarily palaces 128–30; Haram 122–8; Dome of the Chain 130–2; city life, Christians and Jews in city 132–5. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 178. Kroyanker 32. Umayyad residences Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
47–8. Herrin 90. Shanks 9–31. Moshe Gil,
A History of Palestine
69–74 and 104. Mann, 1.44–5. Day of Judgement: Koran 3.185. Byzantine wooden beams in Rockefeller Museum. On apocalyptic geogyaphy and site of Divine–human communication: Neuwirth,
OJ
77–93. This account of Islamic End of Days is substantially based on Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
108–31, especially 124.

Decline of Umayyads and rise of Abbasids: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 178–81. Dynasties have a natural span like individuals: Ibn Khaldun 136. On associations of Apocalypse and Divine Judgement with Jewish traditions of creation and Apocalypse: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
133. Jewish worship on Temple Mount 717–20: Frenkel,
Sacred Esplanade
346–8.

On Jewish living areas, on Umayyad palaces: Bahat,
Atlas
82–6. Jews banned from Haram and praying at walls, gates: Isaac ben Joseph quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
191, and Solomon ben Yeruham at 193. Mujir 56–7. On Christian pilgrims and festivals and Sepulchre: Arculf, St Adamnan,
Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land
1.1–23. Williband and Arculf, quoted in Peters 202–12. Umayyad palaces:
Archeological Park
26–7, including old stones and lavatory. Walid I and the desert
qasrs
, Umayyad singing stars:
The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art
110–25. Walid II/Hisham – Palace of Khirbet al-Mafjar near Jericho – paintings at Rockefeller Museum. Decline of Umayyads and rise of Abbasids: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 180–1. Abassid denunciation of Umayyads: Humphreys quoting Tabari. Abbasid revolution: Wickham 295–7.

7
Al-Mansur. Take surname titles to separate themselves: Ibn Khaldun 181; Abbasid black banners and change to green 215. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 180–1. Kennedy,
Conquests
11–50, including the dead Alids 16; Baghdad 133; court life 139; House of Wisdom/translation of Greek texts 252–60. House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31. Jonathan Lyons,
House of Wisdom
62–70 and 89–90. Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi visits to Jerusalem: Peters,
Jerusalem
215–17. Abbasid Haram: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
101–31. Al-Mansur and meanness of restorations: Mujir 59. Mahdi visit: Muqaddasi 41–2. Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
112–13. Decline in Jerusalem/quote of Thaur ibn Yazid: Neuwirth,
OJ
77–93.

8
Haroun al-Rashid and Charlemagne. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 181–2. Kennedy,
The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty
51–84. Peters,
Jerusalem
217–23, including Benedict Chronicle and Memorandum on the Houses of God and Monasteries in the Holy City, listing staff and taxes; and Bernard, Itinerary. Hywel Williams,
Emperor of the West: Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire
, 230–3. William of Tyre,
Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
(henceforth William of Tyre) 1.64–5. Gift to Charlemagne: Lyons,
House of Wisdom
45. On legend see: Anon.,
Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople
. Charlemagne as David: Wickham 381.

9
Maamun. Climax of Arab culture – marriage of al-Maamun and Buran: Ibn Khaldun 139. Maamun: Kennedy,
Court of the Caliphs
252–260; House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31; Lyons,
House of Wisdom
62–70 and 89–90. Inscription of Maamun on al-Aqsa: Nasir-i-Khusrau,
Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine
. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182. Abbasid Haram: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
101–31. Abbasid culture: Kennedy,
Conquests
84–129; Tahirids and Abd Allah ibn Tahir liberates Jerusalem 91 and 203; sumptuous marriage 168; singing girls 173; Maamun in Syria and Egypt 208–9 and death 211–12. Maamun and House of Wisdom, 6,000 books: Wickham 324–31. Translation of Greek texts: Kennedy,
Court of the Caliphs
252–60.

10
Destruction of dynasty prestige and rise of Persian/Turk
ghulam
: Ibn Khaldun 124; title of sultan, Abbasids lose power 155 and 193; decay of Abbasids 165–6. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182–3. Al-Mutasim, peasant revolts 840s, Turkish
ghulam
: Kennedy,
Court of the Caliphs
213–17;
dhimmi
forced to wear yellow clothing by Caliph al-Mutawwakil in 850 240. Peasant revolt 841: Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
113; Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 182. Khazar debate: see K. A. Brook,
The Jews of Khazaria
; A. Koestler,
The Thirteenth Tribe
; S. Sand,
The Invention of the Jewish People
; on the latest findings on Jewish genetics: ‘Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similiarity’,
New York Times
9 June 2010.

11
Ibn Tulun and Tulunids: Thierry Bianquis, ‘Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868–969’, in Carl F. Petry (ed.),
Cambridge History of Egypt
, vol 1:
Islamic Egypt 640–1517
(henceforth
CHE
1) 86–108; the Carmatian rebellion 106–8; special role of Jerusalem 103. Karaites: Norman Stillman, ‘The Non-Muslim Communities: The Jewish Community’, in
CHE
1.200. Rise of Karaites: Mann 1.60–5.

The Turkish amir Amjur and son Ali ruled Palestine for the Abbasids from 869 and were praised by Patriarch Theodosius for tolerance: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 183. Kennedy,
Court of the Caliphs
84–111. Khazars: Brook,
The Jews of Khazaria
96–8; Mann, 1.64. Gideon Avni: conversations with author, Khazar synagogue in Jewish Quarter quoted in Geniza. Khazars respect Jerusalem Academy: Mann 1.64–5.

12
Ikhshids and Kafur: Bianquis,
CHE
1.109–19. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 183–4. Byzantine advance on Jerusalem: John Tzimiskes text in Peters,
Jerusalem
243.

13
Ibn Killis: Bianquis,
CHE
1.117. Stillman,
CHE
1.206. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 184.

14
Fatimids/Jawhar/Killis as vizier, Fatimids: Paul E. Walker, ‘The Ismaili Dawa and the Fatimid Caliphate’, in
CHE
1.120–48. Paula A. Sanders, ‘The Fatimid State’, in
CHE
1.151–4. Bianquis,
CHE
1.117. Messianic Fatimids: Wickham 336–8. Jewish potentates: Stillman,
CHE
1.206–7. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 184. On Killis, Jewish Governor of Palestine-Syria, Christian viziers: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society
1.33–4.

15
Paltiel/Jews and Christians in Jerusalem under the Fatimids. On Paltiel and places of prayer in Jerusalem: Ahima’as,
The Chronicle of Ahima’as
64–6, 95–7. Moses Maimonides,
Code of Maimonides
Book 8
Temple Service
12, 17 and 28–30. On Paltiel and family: Mann, 1.252. Fatimids pay Jewish subsidy: Peters,
Jerusalem
276 – proved by al-Hakim’s cancellation. Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
: Jews in Jerusalem/Paltiel’s funeral attacked in 1011: 144–50, 162–8. Mourners of Zion/call for aliyah by Daniel al Kumisi: Peters,
Jerusalem
227–9; Karaites 229–32. Moshe Gil, ‘Aliyah and Pilgrimage in Early Arab Period’, in
Cathedra
3.162–73. Jewish Academy: Peters,
Jerusalem
232–3; poverty and begging letters 233–4; place of worship – Mount of Olives – Geniza says above Absalom’s monuments 603. Pilgrimage – aura of distinction and Jewish/Christian emulation of Muslims: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society
1.55 Stillman,
CHE
1.201–9. Christian pilgrimages from Egypt: Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Continuation of the Chronicle of Damascus
(henceforth Qalanisi) 65–7. Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
118–19.

16
Al-Muqaddasi and Islamic Jerusalem under the Fatimids: quotations are from Muqaddasi – on beauty of Dome, Haram and al-Aqsa 41–68; on mystics and cheeses 67–9; Jews and Christians 75–7; on Day of Judgement, filthy baths, water 34–7. Day of Judgement and arrival of Mahdi: Ibn Khaldun 257–8. Fatimid Haram: Kaplony,
Sacred Esplanade
101–31. Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
119. A banana at the Dome: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 190 quotes Ibn Asakir.

17
Al-Hakim: Christian mother – William of Tyre 1.65–7. Sanders,
CHE
1.152. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 185. Islamic seeking of knowledge: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society
1.51. Runciman 1.35–6. Mann 1.33–41. On al-Khidr shrine see William Dalrymple,
From Holy Mountain
339–44. Jaber el-Atrache, ‘Divinity of al-Hakim’,
Lebanon through Writers’ Eyes
(eds.) T. J. Gorton and A. F. Gorton, 170–1.