Jerusalem: The Biography (91 page)

Ibn Ishaq,
Muhammad
200–10. Jesus meets Moses and Elijah: Mark 9.1–5. Muhammad, mystery of early Islam; doubts of some scholars of entire history before 800, question of conquest, early caliphs: Wickham 279–89. Armstrong,
Muhammad
94;
qibla
107; relations with Jews 102, 111, 161–3.

Muhammad in Syria: Kennedy,
Conquests
77. Early Islam: Chase F. Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
13. Herrin 86–8. Muhammad’s rise: Kennedy,
Conquests
45–7; no one more destitute than us, among us who would bury our daughters, God sent us a well-known man, the best among us, Arabian tribes before Muhammad, letters of Muslim soldiers vs Persians, 47. Letters of Muslim soldiers on Persian conquest: al-Tabari,
Tarikh
1.2269–77, 2411–24; 2442–4; 2457–63. These sources describe the Arab invaders of Persia just after the Palestinian conquest. Sophronius: Peters,
Jerusalem
175. Relations with the Arabian Jewish tribes, first
qibla
etc., Israiliyat: Isaac Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
1.170–2. Importance of advice of Jewish converts: Ibn Khaldun,
The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History
(henceforth Ibn Khaldun) 260.

2
Abu Bakr to Othman. The first successors to Prophet, sources: Donner,
Muhammad
91–5; Prophet and Apocalypse 78–82 and 97; knowledge of Syria 96; jihad 83–6; ecumenical openness to Jews and Christians – quotations from Donner 87–9; caliph title used only (possibly) by Abu Bakr but more usually Commander of the Believers and succession 97–106; the nature of Islamic expansion, churches not destroyed 106–19; early version of
shahada
(without ‘Muhammad is his prophet/apostle’) 112; Bishop Sebeos and Jewish governor 114; ecumenical 114–15; on sharing churches 114–5; on Cathisma Church with
mihrab
and in Jerusalem itself 115; Abu Bakr conquests 118–33.

Apocalypse/The Hour: Koran 33.63, 47.18. Hour nigh: Koran 54.1. Early armies at Yarmuk and al-Qadisiyah, only 30,000 men, power of religious propaganda and motivation: Ibn Khaldun 126. Development of title khalifa: Ibn Khaldun 180. Omar takes title Commander of the Faithful: Kennedy,
Conquests
54–6 and 72–5. Barnaby Rogerson,
The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad and the Roots of the Sunni–Shia Schism
(henceforth Rogerson) 83, 128–9, 169.

Omar takes Palestine, Byzantine empire, weaknesses, plague, poverty: Kennedy,
Conquests
, 142–98; settlement of Palestine and Iraq 95–7; Amr al-As 46–51 and 70–3; Khalid bin Walid 70–3. Yaqubi,
History
2.160–70, and al-Baladhuri,
Conquest of the Countries
, quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
176–7. Defeat of Byzantines: Runciman 1.15 Khalid in command at Damascus and Yarmuk: Kennedy,
Conquests
75–89. Early administration: Rogerson 220.

3
Omar enters Jerusalem: Koran 17.1, change of
qibla
: Koran 2.142–4. Concept of Day of Judgement: Koran 3.185 33.63, 47.18. 54.1.

Covenant – Tabari,
Annals
1.2405, in Peters,
Jerusalem
18. Muthir al-Ghiram in Guy Le Strange,
Palestine under the Moslems
139–44. Eutychius quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
189–90.

Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
45–50. Omar looks, character, stories: Ibn Khaldun 162. Kennedy,
Conquests
125–30. Rogerson 171–82.

Donner,
Muhammad
: Omar conquest of Jerusalem, 125; Jews 114–15; Apocalypse 78–82 and 97; militancy 83–6; openness to Monotheists – quotations from Donner 87–9. Shlomo D. Goitein, ‘Jerusalem in the Arab Period 638–1099, in
Cathedra
2: 168–75.

Omar takes surrender: Kennedy,
Conquests
91–5. Abdul Azis Duri, ‘Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period’, in Asali, 105; early
hadith
and
fadail
: in Asali, 114–16. Jerusalem further place of prayer: Koran 17.1. On importance of Holy Land, Jerusalem and Aqsa: Mustafa Abu Sway, ‘The Holy Land, Jerusalem and the Aqsa Mosque in Islamic Sources’, in
Sacred Esplanade
335–43. Wickham 279–89.

Jewish hopes, move to Jerusalem: J. Mann,
The Jews in Egypt and Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs
(henceforth Mann) 1.44–7. Jewish traditions – Israiliyat and Kaab quotations: Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem,’ in
Cathedra
1.170–2. Meir Kister, ‘A Comment on the Antiquity of Traditions Praising Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
1.185–6.

The names of the city: Angelika Neuwirth, ‘Jerusalem in Islam: The Three Honorific Names of the City’, in
OJ
77–93. Seventeen Muslim names/seventy Jewish in Midrash/multiplicity is greatness, quoted in Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 187. Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
112. Omar on Temple Mount: Isaac ben Joseph quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
191–2; on Jews cleansing Temple Mount and banning: Salman ben Yeruham quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
191–4. Filth on Temple Mount deliberately placed by Helena – Mujir al-Din,
Histoire de Jérusalem et d’Hébron
(henceforth Mujir) 56–7, and on Jews cleansing Temple Mount. Earliest mosques: Kennedy,
Conquests
121 and 134.

First cemetery and early burials of Companions of Prophet: Kamal Asali, ‘Cemeteries of Old Jerusalem’, in
OJ
279–84. Sophronius, abomination: in Peters,
Jerusalem
190. First sight of Jerusalem from hill: Sari Nusseibeh,
Once Upon a Country
29. Hussein bin Talal, King Hussein of Jordan,
My War with Israel
122. Arculf in Thomas Wright,
Early Travels in Palestine
1–5. Jews in Omar’s armies – see Professor Rood in
JQ
32, Autumn 2007. Jewish aspirations: Sebeos quoted in Goldhill,
City of Longing
76. Mann 1.44–7. Shared church and mosques: Ross Burns,
Damascus: A History
100–5. Donner,
Muhammad
: see earlier references.

Early names of Jerusalem: see
Sacred Esplanade
13. Palestine/Syria holy land: Koran 5.21. Jewish worship on Temple Mount: Miriam Frenkel, ‘Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’, in
Sacred Esplanade
346–8.

The Arabs and armies – elite, tactics, armies, motivation, poverty including camel hair mixed with blood: Ibn Khaldun 162–3; 126. Kennedy,
Conquests
40–2, 57–65; style of soldiers and female booty 111–13. Al-Tabari,
Tarikh
1.2269–77, 2411–24, 2442–4, 2457–63. These sources describe the Arab invaders of Persia just after the Palestinian conquest. Duri in Asali,
Jerusalem
105–9.

4
Muawiya: this portrait is based on R. Stephen Humphreys,
Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire
1–10 and 119–34; family 38–42; rise 43–53. Donner,
Muhammad
: Muawiya admired by Jews and Christians 141–3; Apocalypse 143–4; first civil war 145–70; reign of Muawiya 171–7; openness 87–9. Jews plan new Temple: Sebeos quoted in Guy Stroumsa, ‘Christian Memories and Visions of Jerusalem in Jewish and Islamic Context’, in
Sacred Esplanade
321–33 especially 329–30. Building on Temple Mount, Persian or early Islamic: Tsafrir, ‘70–638 CE: The Templeless Mountain’,
Sacred Esplanade
99. Jewish worship on Temple Mount ended by Caliph Omar ibn Abd al-Malik 717–20: Frenkel, ‘Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’,
Sacred Esplanade
346–8 Ibn Khaldun: on
bayah
166–7; change from theocratic to royal authority 160–8; Christian administration 192; Muawiya – develops the
mihrab
after attempted assassination 222; introduces sealing of letters 219; introduces throne due to fatness 216. Caesar of the Arabs: Rogerson 326. Mosque: Arculf, St Adamnan,
Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land
1.1–23.

Lover of Israel (Muawiya) hews Temple Mount, built mosque – Simon ben Yahati quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
199–200; possibility of Muawiya making Jerusalem the capital of Arab empire/adapting Herodian platform from square to rectangular and lowering Antonia Fortress 201. Jewish Arabian food: S. D. Goitein,
A Mediterranean Society
1.72. Apocalyptic Midrash and al-Mutahar ibn Tahir attribute building of prayer place on Temple Mount to Muawiya: Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 76. Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
50.

Administration by Christians: Mansur ibn Sargun: Burns,
Damascus
100–15. Administering Palestine: Rogerson 189–92, including quotation ‘I apply not my sword…’ Goitein, ‘Jerusalem’ 174.

Othman: Rogerson 233–87. Muawiya’s palaces: Humphreys,
Muawiya
10–12; politics of lineage 26–37.

Muawiya on Judgement Day/on Syria/sanctifying land/land of ingathering and Judgement: Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
1.170. On Judgement Day: Neuwirth, ‘Jerusalem in Islam: The Three Honorific Names of the City’,
OJ
77–93. War against Byzantines: Herrin 91–2. Dome of the Chain: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
130.
Bayah
allegiance – Tabari quoted in Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
111–2. Walks through Christian sites: Humphreys,
Muawiya
128–9. Umayyads and Jerusalem: Asali,
Jerusalem
108–10. Patron and sheikh: Chase F. Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
65. Yazid and succession: Humphreys,
Muawiya
96–102. Yazid: Ibn Khaldun 164.

5
Abd al-Malik and Dome. This portrait of the caliph and imagery and significance of the Dome is based on Andreas Kaplony, ‘The Mosque of Jerusalem’, in
Sacred Esplanade
101–31; Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
; and Oleg Grabar,
The Dome of the Rock
; Donner,
Muhammad
; and Chase F. Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
. Islamic traditions: al-Tabari,
Tarikh
1.2405, and Muthir al-Ghiram quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
187–9.

Donner,
Muhammad
: civil war 177–89; community of believers into organized Islam 194–9; Last Judgement and Dome of Rock 199–203; Believers into Islam and caliphate, emphasis on caliph/Koran/double
shahada
/
hadith
/God’s deputy 203–12; development of Islamic rituals 214; development of Islamic origins, history 216–18. Political mission and religious aims: Wickham 289–95. Abd al-Malik looks: Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
52–61; on concubines 20; on flattery 85; rise 25–43; Umayyad residences 47–8. On royal authority: Ibn Khaldun 198–9. Le Strange,
Palestine under the Moslems
114–20 and 144–51.