James Madison: A Life Reconsidered (60 page)

A
BBREVIATIONS

Repositories and Collections

LC
Library of Congress.

LC-GW
Library of Congress, George Washington Papers.

LC-JM
Library of Congress, James Madison Papers, series 1, unless otherwise indicated.

LC-TJ
Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, series 1, unless otherwise indicated.

UVA
University of Virginia.

Abbreviated Titles

ASP-FR
 
American State Papers,
Foreign Relations
. Edited by Walter Lowrie, Matthew St. Claire Clarke, Walter S. Franklin, Asbury Dickins, and James C. Allen. 6 vols. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1833–1858.

ASP-MA American State Papers, Military Affairs.
Edited by Walter Lowrie, Matthew St. Claire Clarke, Walter S. Franklin, Asbury Dickins, and John W. Forney. 7 vols. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1832–1861.

PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
.

VMHB
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
.

Published Papers from the Founding Period

DHRC Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution
.

PDM
Papers of Dolley Madison Digital Edition
.

PH Papers of Alexander Hamilton
.

PJ Papers of Thomas Jefferson
.

PMC Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series
.

PMP Papers of James Madison, Presidential Series
.

PMR Papers of James Madison, Retirement Series
.

PMS Papers of James Madison, Secretary of State Series
.

PWCE Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series
.

PWD Papers of George Washington, Diaries
.

PWP Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series
.

PWR Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
.

PWRT Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series
.

P
ROLOGUE

1
. Grigsby,
Virginia Convention of 1776,
36n; Billy G. Smith,
“Lower Sort,”
33–36; Lippincott,
Early Philadelphia,
51–54; Cutler and Cutler,
Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler,
1:271–72; “Meteorological Observations.” In quotations throughout this book, spelling and punctuation have, with a few exceptions, been modernized, and abbreviations have been written out. Although writers of the period covered in the book underscored words more often than twenty-first-century writers do, their underscorings have been reproduced by italicizing them because they provide useful hints about what the writers wanted their readers to pay attention to. When dates for documents were uncertain, the best estimates of documentary editors have been accepted.

2
. Watson,
Annals of Philadelphia,
1:362–63; Terrio,
Philadelphia 1787;
Grigsby
, History of the Virginia Federal Convention,
1:96.

3
. Dunbar,
History of Travel in America,
1:174; Annette Kolodny, ed., “The Travel Diary of Elizabeth House Trist: Philadelphia to Natchez, 1783–84,” in
Journeys in New Worlds,
185–95. In
PMC,
9:409, to William Irvine, May 5, 1787, Madison wrote that he left New York “on Thursday last,” which was May 3, 1787. He probably crossed the river to Paulus Hook that evening in order to catch the Flying Machine, a stage that left for Philadelphia on Friday mornings and arrived there Saturday afternoon.

4
. Rives Papers, Coles to Grigsby, Dec. 23, 1854; Grigsby,
History of the
Virginia Federal Convention,
1:95; Jefferson
, Autobiography,
55.

5
. Joseph Addison, “No. 231,”
Spectator,
2:92, Nov. 24, 1711.

6
. Rives,
Life and Times of James Madison,
2:612n.

7
. Jefferson,
Autobiography,
55;
PMC
1:194, from Samuel Stanhope Smith, Nov. 1777–Aug. 1778; Farrand,
Records,
3:94–95, William Pierce, “Character Sketches of Delegates to the Federal Convention.”

8
.
PJ,
7:97, from Eliza Trist, April 13, 1784; De Coppet Collection, Madison to Delaplaine, memo, Sept. 1816; Brant,
Madison,
1:106–7.

9
. Rives Papers, Coles to Grigsby, Dec. 23, 1854.

10
.
PMC,
10:269,
Federalist
10, Nov. 22, 1787.

11
. Gordon Wood described this transformation as “the end of classical politics” in
Creation of the American Republic,
606–7.

12
. Howe,
Genius Explained,
14–15; Levitin,
This Is Your Brain on Music,
199; Gladwell,
Outliers,
40–41; Isaacson,
Einstein,
36.

13
.
PMC,
1:101, to William Bradford, Dec. 1, 1773.

14
.
PMC,
8:474, 501, to Jefferson, Jan. 22 and March 18, 1786.

15
. Howe,
Genius Explained,
3; Isaacson,
Einstein,
36, 90–140; Howard Gardner describes the “acid test” of large-scale creativity as being whether the creative person changes the domain in which he or she works in
Intelligence Reframed,
116.

16
.
PJ,
14:650, to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789;
PMC,
14:371, “A Candid State of Parties,”
National Gazette,
Sept. 22, 1792.

17
.
Adams-Jefferson Letters,
508, Adams to Jefferson, Feb. 2, 1817.

18
. Ingersoll,
Historical Sketch,
1:260; McCoy,
Last of the Fathers,
25–26.

19
. Another two volumes of Madison’s papers are planned for the presidential series and an estimated eleven additional volumes for the years he was secretary of state and in retirement.

Chapter 1:
S
UNLIGHT AND
S
HADOWS

1
. Nugent,
Cavaliers and Pioneers,
1:280.

2
. Ibid., 280, 350, 369, 389, 466, 469, 565–66.

3
. [Old] Rappahannock County Deed Book 7, 26–27; Jones,
Present State of Virginia,
34; Miller,
Short Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison,
7, 36n7; Nugent,
Cavaliers and Pioneers,
2:255;
Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia,
3:147, 371; Boorstin,
Americans,
111; Kulikoff,
Tobacco and Slaves,
267; Horn,
Adapting to a New World,
188–89.

4
. Miller,
Short Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison,
51–52.

5
.
Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia,
4:172; Miller, S
hort Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison,
23–25, 81; Taylor,
American Colonies,
153; Boorstin,
Americans,
100–101; Kulikoff,
Tobacco and Slaves,
320; Baylor Family Papers, Baylor Ledger no. 1, 155.

6
. Miller,
Short Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison,
25–28.

7
. Chambers,
Murder at Montpelier,
68; Miller,
Short Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison,
67.

8
. Meade,
Old Churches,
2:96;
PMC,
1:190, 191n2, to Madison Sr., March 29, 1777.

9
. “Will of Ambrose Madison, 1732,” in “Notes and Queries,” 434–35; Orange County Deed Book 2, 11.

10
. Orange County Deed Book 2, 11–12; Horn,
Adapting to a New World,
316–21; Dorman,
Orange County, Virginia: Deed Books 1 and 2, 1735–1738; Judgments, 1735,
33–37.

11
. Jones,
Present State of Virginia,
39; Middleton,
Tobacco Coast,
111–13; Breen,
Tobacco Culture,
46–53.

12
. Madison Sr. Account Book, 1744–1755; Shane Collection, Presbyterian Historical Society, Madison Family Papers, invoice from John Maynard & Son, Feb. 21, 1742, and invoice from Hunt & Waterman, March 16, 1749.

13
. Kulikoff,
Tobacco and Slaves,
79; Madison Sr. Account Book, 1744–1755; Shane Collection, Presbyterian Historical Society, Madison Family Papers, Madison Sr. Account Book, 1755–1763; W. W. Scott,
History of Orange County, Virginia,
73.

14
. Hayden,
Virginia Genealogies,
244.

15
. Hunt,
Life of James Madison,
22; LC-JM, Chew to Madison Sr., Sept. 6, 1749, and May 21, 1750.

16
. Madison Sr. Account Book, 1744–1755.

17
. Reeves and Fogle, “Excavations at the Madisons’ First Home, Mount Pleasant,” 17.

18
. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom,
158–61.

19
. Aristotle,
Problems II,
155.

20
. Madison Sr. Account Book, 1744–1755; Shane Collection, Presbyterian Historical Society, Madison Family Papers, “List of Drugs for Mrs. F. Madison,” Oct. 11, 1753; Quincy,
Complete English Dispensatory,
73, 82, 84, 112–13, 169–70, 172–74, 178–79, 290–94, 495; Hill,
History of the Materia Medica,
125.

21
. “Febrile Seizures Fact Sheet,” National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/febrile_seizures/detail_febrile_seizures.htm;
Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson,
252, Martha Randolph to Jefferson, Jan. 14, 1804.

22
. Interview with Dr. Orrin Devinsky, director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Langone Medical Center, New York University, May 10, 2009; Devinsky to author, e-mail, Sept. 22, 2013; De Coppet Collection, Madison to Delaplaine, memo, Sept. 1816.

23
. Richard Steele, “No. 20,” “No. 340,” and “No. 154,”
Spectator,
March 23, 1711, 1:80; March 31, 1712, 2:484; Aug. 27, 1711, 1:529; “James Madison’s Autobiography,” 197.

24
. Kulikoff,
Tobacco and Slaves,
104–7; Burnaby,
Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North-America,
25.

25
. Shane Collection, Presbyterian Historical Society, Madison Family Papers, Madison Sr. Account Book, 1755–1763; Fithian,
Journal and Letters,
63–64.

26
. W. W. Scott,
History of Orange County, Virginia,
43; Meade,
Old Churches,
2:86, 98; Bernard Bailyn, “Politics and Social Structure in Virginia,” in
Seventeenth-Century America,
111.

27
. Meade,
Old Churches,
2:89; “James Madison’s Autobiography,” 197; Brant,
Madison,
1:64.

28
. LC-JM, ser. 6, “A Brief System of Logick”;
PMC,
1:32–37,
“
Notes on a Brief System of Logick,” 1766–1772. The name James A. Garlick, written on the cover of this book, connects it to Madison’s time at Robertson’s school, when at least two students named Garlick attended. The initials “hB” doodled twice on one of the book’s first pages might also connect it to Robertson’s, where Horace Bruckner was Madison’s fellow student in the Latin curriculum for several years.

29
. LC-JM, ser. 6, “A Brief System of Logick”;
PMC,
1:36,
“
Notes on a Brief System of Logick,” 1766–1772.

30
. Miller, “Historic Structure Report,” 41; Reeves and Fogle, “Excavations at the Madisons’ First Home, Mount Pleasant,” 10.

31
. W. W. Scott,
History of Orange County, Virginia,
208.

32
.
Proceedings and Addresses at the Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the Cliosophic Society of the College of New Jersey,
9.

33
. Richard A. Harrison,
Princetonians,
xix; Malone,
Jefferson,
1:52; “James Madison’s Autobiography,” 197.

34
. Brant,
Madison,
1:411n1; Jefferson,
Memorandum Books,
1:397–98, reports this route; Burnaby,
Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North-America,
82; Fithian,
Journal and Letters,
152–54, 168–69, also describes crossing the Chesapeake.

35
. Burnaby,
Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North-America,
93–94.

36
. De Chastellux,
Travels in North-America,
160;
PMC,
1:43,
to Martin, Aug. 10, 1769.

37
. Fithian,
Journal and Letters,
7–8.

38
.
PMC,
1:78,
from Freneau, Nov. 22, 1772; 1:83, to Bradford, April 28, 1773.

39
. Fithian,
Journal and Letters,
256–57; Looney,
Nurseries of Letters and Republicanism,
4–8;
PMC,
1:65, “Collegiate Doggerel,” June 1771–April 1772.

40
. Collins,
Princeton,
75–76;
PMC,
1:50,
to Madison Sr., July 23, 1770.

41
. Woods,
John Witherspoon,
40; Witherspoon, “Lectures on Moral Philosophy,” in
Works,
3:407, 419; Morrison,
John Witherspoon,
4.

42
. Morrison,
John Witherspoon,
72, 130.

43
. Collins,
Princeton,
63; Wertenbaker,
Princeton,
72.

44
. Rice,
Rittenhouse Orrery,
33; Bruff, “The Federalist Papers: The Framers Construct an Orrery,” 7.

45
. Rice,
Rittenhouse Orrery,
73.

46
. Witherspoon, “Introductory Lecture on Divinity,” in
Works,
4:46; Green,
Witherspoon,
122, 132; Edwards,
Works,
26:93.

47
. Witherspoon, “Lectures on Moral Philosophy,” in
Works,
3:367–68.