In Our Control (56 page)

  
23.
Tone,
Devices and Desires
, 283.

  
24.
Jacqueline Darroch Forrest, “US Women’s Perception of and Attitudes about the IUD,”
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
51, no. 12 (December 1996): 30S-34S.

  
25.
Adam Sonfield, “Popularity Disparity: Attitudes about the IUD in Europe and the United States,”
Guttmacher Policy Review
10, no. 4 (Fall 2007): 19–26.

  
26.
“Facts on Contraceptive Use,” Guttmacher Institute.

  
27.
Jütte,
Contraception
, 47.

  
28.
Parker,
Gynecologist’s Second Opinion
, 46.

  
29.
“IUD,” Planned Parenthood, February 10, 2008,
www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm
.

  
30.
Jerilynn C. Prior,
Estrogen’s Strom Season
(Vancouver, BC: CeMCOR, 2005).

  
31.
Mirena package insert, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, 2008.

  
32.
Mosher et al., “Use of Contraception,”
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad350.pdf
.

  
33.
Parker,
Gynecologist’s Second Opinion
, 47.

  
34.
Sonfield, “Popularity Disparity,” 19–26.

  
35.
Centers for Disease Control, “About DES,”
http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/about/index.html
.

  
36.
Mirena package insert.

  
37.
Sonfield, “Popularity Disparity,” 19–26.

  
38.
Cynthia Pearson, interview by the author, October 19, 2009.

  
39.
Email to the author, October 20, 2009.

  
40.
James Trussell et al., “Cost Effectiveness of Contraceptives in the United States,”
Contraception
79, no. 1 (January 2009): 5–14.

  
41.
Email to the author, June 2008.

  
42.
Tracy Clark-Flory, “Oops, I Accidentally Pulled Out Your IUD!” January 22, 2009,
http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/index.html?story=/mwt/broadsheet/feature/2009/01/22/iud_abortion
.

  
43.
Dorothy Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
(New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 66.

  
44.
Ibid., 89.

  
45.
Ibid., 92.

  
46.
Ibid., 93.

  
47.
Karenna Gore Schiff,
Lighting the Way
(New York: Hyperion, 2005), 372.

  
48.
Ibid., 375.

  
49.
Ibid., 375.

Chapter Four: By Any Other Name

    
1.
Dorothy Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
(New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 139.

    
2.
Ibid.

    
3.
Technically, there are two Norplants: Norplant I, called Norplant, and Norplant II, called Jadell. In this chapter I refer to Norplant I as Norplant and Norplant II as Jadell.

    
4.
Richard P. Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 13th ed. (Dallas, TX: EMIS Medical Publishers, 2007), 100.

    
5.
Andrea Tone,
Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 288.

    
6.
Conversation with the author, 2000.

    
7.
“Poverty and Norplant: Can Contraception Reduce the Underclass?”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 12, 1990, A18.

    
8.
Ibid.

    
9.
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, “Issues and Answers—Norplant: Reality Check,”
Public Health Magazine
4, no. 1 (Spring 1996).

  
10.
Barbara Kantrowitz and Pat Wingert, “The Norplant Debate,”
Newsweek
, February 15, 1993, 40–41.

  
11.
Sheldon J. Segal, “Norplant Developed for All Women, Not Just the Well-to-Do,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1990, A18.

  
12.
Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
, 108.

  
13.
Julia R. Scott, “Norplant and Women of Color,” in
Dimensions of New Contraceptives: Norplant and Poor Women
, ed. Sarah E. Samuels and Mark D. Smith (Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1992), 39–52.

  
14.
Andrew R. Davidson and Debra Kalmuss, “Topics for Our Times: Norplant Coercion—An Overstated Threat,”
American Journal of Public Health
87, no. 4 (April 1997): 550–51.

  
15.
Ibid.

  
16.
Tone,
Devices and Desires
, 288.

  
17.
Ibid.

  
18.
In other contexts, high-income women and those with good health care coverage are most at risk for the dangers of new drugs. As the line between preventative care and “lifestyle” drugs continues to blur, those with more money are often given unnecessary and potentially dangerous new pills at much higher rates than their low-income peers.

  
19.
Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 100.

  
20.
Sidney Funk et al., “Safety and Efficacy of Implanon, a Single-Rod Implantable Contraceptive Containing Etonogestrel,”
Contraception
71, no. 5 (May 2005): 319–26.

  
21.
Lee P. Shulman and Helena Gabriel, “Management and Localization Strategies for the Nonpalpable Implanon Rod,”
Contraception
73, no. 4 (April 2006): 325–30.

  
22.
Diana Mansour et al., “The Effects of Implanon on Menstrual Bleeding Patterns,”
European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care
13, suppl. no. 1 (2008): 13–28.

  
23.
Ibid.

  
24.
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Hormonal Contraception: Recent Advances and Controversies,”
Fertility and Sterility
90, no. 5 (November 2008): S104.

  
25.
Paul D. Blumenthal, Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson, and Maya Marintcheva-Petrova, “Tolerability and Clinical Safety of Implanon,”
European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care
13, suppl. no. 1 (2008): 29–36.

  
26.
Elsimar M. Coutinho with Sheldon J. Segal,
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 8–11.

  
27.
Ibid., 9.

  
28.
Rickie Solinger,
Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America
(New York and London: New York University Press, 2005), 175.

  
29.
Sayed Bakry et al., “Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An Update,”
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
278, no. 1 (July 2008): 1.

  
30.
Depo-Provera is an intramuscular injection, meaning the shot goes right into the muscle. A subcutaneous injection enters a layer of the skin beneath the dermis and epidermis.

  
31.
Tim Cundy et al., “Menopausal Bone Loss in Long-Term Users of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraception,”
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
186, no. 5 (May 2002): 978–83.

  
32.
“Black Box Warning Added Concerning Long-Term of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection,” FDA Talk Paper, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services,
http://www.fda.gov
(accessed November 17, 2004).

  
33.
Depo-Provera, patient package insert, 2002.

  
34.
Kathryn M. Curtis and Summer L. Martins, “Progestogen-only Contraception and Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review,”
Contraception
73, no. 5 (May 2006): 470–87.

  
35.
Brandon J. Orr-Walker et al., “The Effect of Past Use of the Injectable Contraceptive Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Bone Mineral Density in Normal Postmenopausal Women,”
Clinical Endocrinology
49, no. 5 (November 1998): 615–18.

  
36.
Andrew M. Kaunitz, Raquel Arias, and Michael McClung, “Bone Density Recovery After Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injectable Contraception Use,”
Contraception 77
, no. 2 (February 2008): 67–76.

  
37.
Edith R. Guilbert et al., “The Use of Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Contraception and Its Potential Impact on Skeletal Health,”
Contraception
79, no. 3 (March 2009): 167–77.

  
38.
Dickey,
Managing Contraceptive Pill Patients
, 71.

  
39.
Abbey B. Berenson and Mahbubur Rahman, “Changes in Weight, Total Fat, Percent Body Fat, and Central-to-Peripheral Fat Ratio Associated with Injectable and Oral Contraceptive Use,”
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
200, no. 3 (March 2009): 329.e1–329.e8.

  
40.
Depo-Provera, patient package insert, 2002.

  
41.
Depo-SubQ Provera 104, physician package insert, 2005.

  
42.
Berenson and Rahman, “Changes in Weight,” 329.e1–329.e8.

  
43.
Sharon A. Mangan, Pamela G. Larsen, and Suzanne Hudson, “Overweight Teens at Increased Risk for Weight Gain While Using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate,”
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
15, no. 2 (April 2002): 79–82.